RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect on compression rate and depth of a conventional metronome and a voice metronome in simulated telephone-assisted, protocol-driven bystander Cardiopulmonary resucitation (CPR) compared to standard instruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six lay volunteers performed 10 minutes of compression-only CPR in a prospective, investigator-blinded, 3-arm study on a manikin. Participants were randomized either to standard instruction ("push down firmly, 5 cm"), a regular metronome pacing 110 beats per minute (bpm), or a voice metronome continuously prompting "deep-deepdeep- deeper" at 110 bpm. The primary outcome was deviation from the ideal chest compression target range (50 mm compression depth x 100 compressions per minute x 10 minutes = 50 m). Secondary outcomes were CPR quality measures (compression and leaning depth, rate, no-flow times) and participants' related physiological response (heart rate, blood pressure and nine hole peg test and borg scales score). We used a linear regression model to calculate effects. RESULTS: The mean (SD) deviation from the ideal target range (50 m) was -11 (9) m in the standard group, -20 (11) m in the conventional metronome group (adjusted difference [95%, CI], 9.0 [1.2-17.5 m], P=.03), and -18 (9) m in the voice metronome group (adjusted difference, 7.2 [-0.9-15.3] m, P=.08). Secondary outcomes (CPR quality measures and physiological response of participants to CPR performance) showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Compared to standard instruction, the conventional metronome showed a significant negative effect on the chest compression target range. The voice metronome showed a non-significant negative effect and therefore cannot be recommended for regular use in telephone-assisted CPR.
OBJETIVO: Se investigó el efecto sobre la tasa y profundidad de compresión utilizando un metrónomo regular, un metrónomo de voz, en comparación con instrucciones estándar, siguiendo el protocolo de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) por interviniente con asistencia telefónica. METODO: Treinta y seis individuos legos realizaron 10 minutos de compresiones de RCP sobre un maniquí en un estudio prospectivo, ciego. Los participantes fueron asignados al azar, ya sea en base a la instrucción estándar (empuje hacia abajo con firmeza 5 cm); a un metrónomo normal a un ritmo de 110 pulsaciones por minuto (ppm) o un metrónomo de voz incitando continuamente "profundo-profundo-profundo-más profunda" a 110 ppm. El objetivo primario fue evaluar la desviación del rango objetivo ideal de compresión torácica (50 mm de profundidad de compresión x 100 compresiones por minuto x 10 minutos = 50 m). Los objetivos secundarios fueron las mediciones de RCP de calidad (profundidad y tasa de compresiones, comprensiones que no generan flujo) y la respuesta fisiológica de los participantes (frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial, Nine Hole Peg Test y Escala de Borg). Se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal para calcular los resultados. RESULTADOS: En relación al objetivo primario, la desviación del rango objetivo ideal (50 metros) fue 11 (9) m en el grupo estándar versus 20 (11) m en el grupo de metrónomo regular (diferencia ajustada 9,0 (1,2-17,5) m, p = 0,03), y 18 (9) m en el grupo de metrónomo de voz [diferencia ajustada de 7,2 (0,9 a 15,3) m, p = 0,08]. Los objetivos secundarios con respecto a las medidas de calidad de RCP y la respuesta fisiológica de los participantes durante la realización de RCP no mostraron diferencias significativas. CONCLUSIONES: El metrónomo normal y el metrónomo de voz mostraron un efecto negativo (significativo y no significativo respectivamente) en el rango objetivo de compresión torácica en comparación con la instrucción estándar y por lo tanto no puede ser recomendado su uso regular en la RCP asistida telefónicamente.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: No accurate, independent biomarker has been identified that could reliably predict neurological outcome early after cardiac arrest. We speculated that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) measured at hospital admission may predict patient outcome. METHODS: BNP-levels were measured in 155 comatose cardiac arrest survivors (108 male, 58 years [IQR 49-68]) (median time to ROSC 11min; IQR 20-30) during a 6-year study period. Cardiovascular co-morbidities and resuscitation history were assessed according to the Utstein-style and patients were followed for 6-month neurological outcome measured by cerebral performance category (CPC) and survival. RESULTS: Seventy patients (45%) suffered from unfavourable neurological outcome and 79 deaths (51%) occurred during the first 6 months. BNP was significantly associated with an adverse neurological outcome and mortality, independent of the prearrest health condition and cardiac arrest characteristics (median 60 pg/ml; IQR 10-230). Adjusted odds ratios for poor neurological outcome at 6 months were 1.14 (95% CI 0.51-2.53), 1.76 (95% CI 0.80-3.88) and 2.25 (95% CI 1.05-4.81), for increasing quartiles of BNP as compared to the lowest quartile. Adjusted odds ratios for mortality until 6 months were 1.09 (95% CI 0.35-3.40), 2.81 (0.80-9.90) and 4.7 (1.27-17.35) compared to the lowest quartile, respectively. CONCLUSION: Brain natriuretic peptide levels on admission predict neurological outcome at 6 months and survival after cardiac arrest.
