Dietary quality score is positively associated with serum adiponectin level in Indonesian preschool-age children living in the urban area of Jakarta.

An unhealthy diet during childhood directly impacts the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) later on in life. However, well-documented information on this issue is lacking. We investigated the dietary quality of young Indonesian children and assessed the relationship to serum adiponectin levels as an early marker of NCDs. Eighty-five (44 girls and 41 boys) Indonesian preschool-age children in East Jakarta were included in this study. Dietary intake data were gathered by collecting repeated 24-hour recalls for one weekday and one day during the weekend, which were then further converted into participants' Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015 scores. Meanwhile, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the serum adiponectin level. A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the HEI 2015 score and serum adiponectin, adjusting for potential confounders. The mean HEI 2015 score was 33.2 ± 8.3 points, which was far below the recommended score of ≥ 80 points, while the mean serum adiponectin was 10.3 ± 4.1 µg/mL. Multiple linear regression testing showed that a one-point increase in the HEI 2015 score was significantly associated with an increase in the serum adiponectin level by 0.115 µg/mL after adjusting for exclusive breastfeeding history (ß = 0.115; 95% CI = 0.010-0.221; p = 0.032). In conclusion, better adherence of young children to a healthy diet has a positive association with their adiponectin level. This result suggests that strengthening children's dietary quality from an early age by involving all parties in the children's environment (e.g., parents, teachers at school, policymakers) may help to reduce the risk of NCDs later on in childhood and during adult life.

Associations of maternal diet quality with weight gain during pregnancy and obesity at three-year postpartum in Jakarta.

Dietary changes during pregnancy (DP) and post-partum are essential for women's nutrition status and the health of their offspring. We compared the diet quality DP and at 3-year post-partum (3YPP) and assessed the relationship between maternal diet quality and nutritional status using a prospective cohort design among women in East Jakarta. In total, 107 women were recruited from the study in 2014 and followed up at 3YPP in 2018. The mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight, and height were evaluated. Food consumption data were collected from repeated 24-h recalls. The validated US Diet Quality Index-Pregnancy (DQI-P) scores with eight components were calculated using the food consumption data and compared between DP and 3YPP. Associations of the DQI-P score with the MUAC and weight gain DP and body mass index (BMI) at 3YPP were analyzed using multivariable linear and logistic regression. The median of the DQI-P score DP was significantly higher than at 3YPP [35 (27; 42) versus 27 (19; 30); p-value <0.001, respectively]. The higher DQI-P score was associated with increased weight gain DP of 3.3 kg (adjusted ß = 3.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-5.54) after adjusting for the mother's age and household income. The DQI-P score was not associated with an increased risk of chronic energy deficiency DP and overweight-obesity at 3YPP. Thus, the diet adequacy was associated with weight gain DP but did not affect the MUAC DP and BMI at 3YPP. The DQI-P score DP was slightly better than the diet at 3YPP; however, the overall diet quality was inadequate. In conclusion, a higher DQI-P score was associated with increased weight gain DP of 3.3 kg but was not associated with other nutritional status indices in DP and 3YPP. Innovative dietary quality improvement programs are required to reduce malnutrition risk in pregnant and reproductive-age women.