[Pirfenidone Inhibits Cytokines/chemokines Release from Alveolar Macrophages].

Objective To investigate the effect of pirfenidone on cytokine/chemokine production by alveolar macrophages(AMs)in patients with idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia(iNSIP)or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF).Methods We prospectively enrolled 10 iNSIP patients,11 IPF patients,and 8 non-interstitial lung disease(non-ILD)patients(control group)from our center from January 2015 to December 2018.AMs from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were cultured with or without lipopolysaccharide(LPS)stimulation.The production of Th1 cytokines [soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor(sTNFR)-1,sTNFR-2,and interleukin(IL)-1ß],Th2 cytokines [IL-10 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF)],angiogenic chemokines [IL-18 and macrophage inflammatory protein(MIP)-1ß],and angiostatic chemokines [interferon-gama inducible monokines(MIG)and interferon-gama inducible protein(IP-10)] in the culture supernatants were measured by a bead-based assay,Luminex.The effect of pirfenidone on the cytokine/chemokine production was tested at various concentrations(0,0.03,0.10,0.30 mg/ml).Results The spontaneous and LPS-stimulated release of TNF-α,sTNFR-1,sTNFR-2,IL-1ß,IL-10,MIP-1ß,MIG,and IP-10 by AMs were significantly increased in iNSIP and IPF groups compared with control group(all P<0.05),but no difference in IL-18 was seen among three groups(all P>0.05).MIG and IP-10 were significantly higher in iNSIP group than in IPF group(both P<0.05).Pirfenidone suppressed the spontaneous and LPS-stimulated AMs release of all studied cytokine/chemokine in iNSIP and IPF in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 0.10 and 0.30 mg/ml,and no difference was observed between iNSIP and IPF groups(both P>0.05).Conclusion Pirfenidone can markedly suppress cytokine/chemokine expression in iNSIP and IPF patients,but the difference is not significant between these two groups of patients.

Design of CNS-Li2SiO3 Permeable Protective Coatings and Effects on Mortar Matrix.

In this paper, we prepared permeable protective coatings composed of lithium silicate (Li2SiO3), where the coating was modified by colloidal nano-silica (CNS). Three levels of lithium silicate (i.e., 30 wt. %; 40 wt. %; 50 wt. %), sodium silicate (i.e., 5 wt. %; 10 wt. %; 15 wt. %), and surfactant (i.e., 0.05 wt. %; 0.1 wt. %; 0.15 wt. %) were involved in this study. An orthogonal experiment design selected the optimal proportion basedon thestrength and water absorption requirements of mortar. The effects of CNS-Li2SiO3 coating on the resistance to permeability of chloride ions and carbonation of specimens were also studied. The outcomes were interpreted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) techniques. The results showed that the optimum mix formulation consisted of 40 wt. % of lithium silicate, 10 wt. % of sodium silicate and 0.1 wt. % of surfactant within the mixtures investigated. Meanwhile, compared tothe control group, after the specimens were coated at 21 days curing age of mortar, the strength development, 48-h water absorption, resistance to chloride ions penetration, and carbonation of CNS-Li2SiO3 coated specimenswere improved. This could be attributed to the second hydration, leading to a reduction of the content of Ca(OH)2 and an increase of the amount of C-S-H gel within specimens. Thus, the microstructure of mortar matrix was improved after coated with CNS-Li2SiO3 permeable protective coatings.