Submandibular Gland Transfer: A Potential Imaging Pitfall.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Seikaly and Jha submandibular gland transfer surgery is performed to facilitate gland shielding during radiation therapy for head and neck tumors to circumvent radiation-induced xerostomia. It results in an asymmetric postsurgical appearance of the submandibular and submental spaces. Our purpose was to characterize the morphologic and enhancement characteristics of the transferred submandibular gland and identify potential pitfalls in postoperative radiologic interpretation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study identified patients with head and neck cancer who had undergone the submandibular gland transfer procedure at our institution. Chart reviews were performed to identify relevant oncologic histories and therapies. CT and MR neck imaging was reviewed to characterize morphologic and enhancement characteristics of the pre- and postoperative submandibular glands, as well as interpretive accuracy. RESULTS: Eleven patients with oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas who underwent submandibular gland transfer were identified. The transferred glands were significantly lengthened in the anteroposterior dimension compared with contralateral glands (P < .001) and displaced anteriorly and inferiorly within the submandibular and submental spaces. Enhancement patterns of the transferred submandibular glands varied, depending on the time of imaging relative to the operation and radiation therapy. Submandibular gland transfer was acknowledged in the postoperative report in 7/11 cases. Errors in interpretation were present in 2/11 reports. CONCLUSIONS: After the submandibular gland transfer procedure, the submandibular and submental spaces lose their symmetric appearances as the transferred submandibular glands become lengthened and located more anteriorly and inferiorly, with variable enhancement characteristics. Familiarity with the postsurgical appearance of the transferred submandibular glands is key to accurate imaging interpretation.

STAT3 Expression and Activity are Up-Regulated in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma of Dogs.

BACKGROUND: The Janus Kinase (JAK) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathways play important roles in the pathogenesis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in humans, and up-regulated STAT3 expression and activity are associated with worse clinical outcome in humans. No studies have evaluated the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in DLBCL of dogs. HYPOTHESIS: STAT3 pathway is deregulated in DLBCL in dogs. We aim to assess the expression, activation, and cellular localization of STAT3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK1/2 in DLBCL of dogs. ANIMALS: Forty-three client-owned dogs diagnosed with DLBCL by histopathology METHODS: Retrospective analysis of DLBCL in dogs, including patient characteristics and treatment, immunohistochemistry, and protein expressions by Western blot. RESULTS: A higher percentage of STAT3 and p-STAT3 immunolabelled cells were observed in DLBCL of dogs when compared to normal canine lymph nodes. In STAT3 immunolabelled cells, STAT3 has higher nuclear expression in lymphoma samples than in normal or reactive lymph nodes. In addition to up-regulated STAT3 expression and activation, mitogen-activated kinase ERK1/2 activation is up-regulated in DLBCL of dogs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Compared with the normal canine lymph node, DLBCL of dogs has up-regulated STAT3 pathway. Our results support future investigation of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of DLBCL in dogs.

Prognostic significance of hyoid bone invasion in advanced base of tongue carcinoma treated by chemoradiation.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the prognostic influence of hyoid bone invasion in advanced base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed pre-treatment imaging (CT/MRI) for the presence or absence of hyoid bone invasion in patients with advanced (clinical T3 or T4a stage) base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiation from January 2001 to January 2011. We compared patients with hyoid bone invasion to those without based on the following metrics: 1-, 2- and 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival, disease-free survival, disease-specific survival and overall survival. RESULTS: Eleven of thirty-seven patients had hyoid invasion present on pre-treatment imaging. Average follow-up was 45 months. Patients with hyoid bone invasion were found to have lower percentages in all survival metrics measured compared to patients without, respectively, with statistical significance achieved in the following: 2-year locoregional recurrence-free survival: 36.4% versus 86.4% (P = 0.006), 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival: 12.5% versus 63.6% (P = 0.05), 2-year disease-free survival: 36.4% versus 77.3% (P = 0.05), 5-year disease-free survival: 12.5% versus 63.3% (P = 0.05) and the Kaplan-Meier curve for locoregional recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0075). CONCLUSIONS: Hyoid bone invasion by base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma may indicate a poorer prognosis despite treatment. Hyoid bone invasion may be a possible indication for intensification of treatment and/or may indicate a necessity for increasing the degree of post-treatment surveillance monitoring and imaging.