Clot accumulation characteristics of plasminogen-bearing liposomes in a flow-system. Groningen Utrecht Institute for Drug Exploration.

In this study, the clot accumulation properties of liposome-coupled plasminogen were compared to those of free (non-liposomal) plasminogen in an in vitro, closed-loop, flow-system. After introduction of a clot into the closed system, double-radiolabelled plasminogen-liposomes were administered and the accumulation of radiolabel on the entire clot was measured. Liposomal plasminogen showed improved accumulation over free plasminogen, on both a fibrin clot and a whole blood clot. Moreover, once liposomal plasminogen was fibrin associated, it could not be washed away with buffer, in contrast to free plasminogen. Liposomal plasminogen was able to compete successfully with an excess of free plasminogen. The plateau levels for the accumulated amount of plasminogen depended on the incubated amount of plasminogen and were influenced by partial degradation of the clot. Furthermore, it was shown that a threshold liposomal plasminogen surface-density was needed for optimum clot accumulation.

Fibrin binding of plasminogen coated liposomes in vitro.

In this study, the fibrin binding properties of liposomes containing a number of plasminogen (Plg) molecules on the outside were compared to those of free (non-liposomal) Plg in an in vitro model system. Fibrin monolayer coated 96-wells plates were used, containing fibrin monomer at a density of around 3.4 to 3.9 x 10(-4) nmol/cm2. These densities are similar to liposomal Plg-densities, thus allowing multivalent interactions to occur. In the panel of experimental conditions that was chosen, binding of free Plg and liposomes with Plg showed three main differences in characteristics. Firstly, in the fibrin binding of Plg-liposomes not all Plg may be involved, but on the average 40% of the total amount of liposomal Plg. This was shown by lysing the liposomes after binding to the fibrin and estimation of truly bound Plg. With Plg-densities on the liposomes below the fibrin binding sites density, the maximal number of bound Plg molecules remains below the amount of available fibrin binding sites. Secondly, a higher binding rate by at least one order of magnitude was observed for liposomes with Plg compared to free Plg. Thirdly, liposomes with Plg exhibit a fibrin binding affinity which increases with Plg-density, because of the multivalent character of interaction. Liposomal Plg can successfully compete for fibrin binding sites with a 100 fold higher concentration of free Plg. These in vitro findings indicate that in view of avid and rapid fibrin binding, liposomes with attached plasminogen may be suitable for in vivo targeting to fibrin based thrombi.

Thrombolytic treatment with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) containing liposomes in rabbits: a comparison with free t-PA.

In this study, we aimed at improving the therapeutic index of tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) as thrombolytic agent in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Liposome-encapsulated t-PA was tested in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model: administration of free t-PA (t-PA) as a bolus injection in the ear vein was compared to a similar administration of liposomal t-PA (t-PA-lip), liposomal t-PA in plasminogen-coated liposomes (Plg-t-PA-lip), a mixture of free t-PA and empty liposomes (t-PA+ empty lip) and a saline-blank (blank) in terms of thrombolytic activity and side effects. Liposomal t-PA (t-PA-lip/Plg-t-PA-lip) showed a significantly better thrombolysis efficiency than equimolar doses of free t-PA (t-PA/ t-PA+ empty lip): about 0.24 mg/kg of liposomal t-PA practically equalled the lysis-activity of a dose of free t-PA of 1.0 mg/kg (t-PA1mg/kg). On the other hand, liposome encapsulation did not affect the systemic activation of alpha 2-antiplasmin and plasminogen by t-PA. We conclude that for this model an improvement in thrombolytic efficacy of t-PA is achieved by liposome encapsulation of t-PA. As t-PA-lip and Plg-t-PA-lip -treatment induced similar results, targeting of liposomal t-PA by coupled glu-Plg remains a topic to be optimized in future studies.

The preparation of tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) containing liposomes: entrapment efficiency and ultracentrifugation damage.

UNLABELLED: In this study, a method was developed for the efficient entrapment of active tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) into liposomes. Experimental conditions were varied to optimize t-PA entrapment: different buffer solutions were used (pH 4 and 7.5), the effect of the incubation concentrations of phospholipid (PL) and t-PA was monitored and the influence of liposome-size was examined. Furthermore, the effect of ultracentrifugation on t-PA containing liposomes was determined in the presence and absence of Tween 80. t-PA entrapment strongly depended on experimental conditions and ranged from 30 up to 90%. Almost quantitative+ (90%) entrapment (entrapment percentage defined as absolute entrapment (IU t-PA/mumol PL) divided by total incubation ratio (IU t-PA/mumol PL), times 100%) was obtained in Hepes buffer pH 7.5, devoid of arginine, with low ionic strength. Ultracentrifugation, used for removal of non-entrapped t-PA, was shown to have a damaging effect on the liposomes (especially in the presence of 0.05% Tween 80), leading to t-PA loss. However, because acceptable alternatives were not available, ultracentrifugation was used during this study. Therefore, the encapsulation-percentage values shown in this study are in fact underestimates for the true entrapment of t-PA. IN CONCLUSION: almost quantitative t-PA entrapment in liposomes can be achieved by selecting the proper milieu and inducing a strong interaction between t-PA and bilayer.

Development of a procedure for coupling the homing device glu-plasminogen to liposomes.

The aim of this study was to find a suitable way of coupling the homing-device glu-plasminogen to the outside of liposomes. The described procedure is based on the reaction of thiol-groups introduced in the protein with thiol-reactive groups of the liposome. Details on the thiolation of proteins with the reagent succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) were studied for a model-protein, amylase. Increasing the incubation-ratio SATA: amylase resulted in a gradually growing number of introduced thiol-groups, until a maximum of about 5 mol SH per mol amylase was reached. The enzymatic activity of the derivatized protein was even higher than that of native amylase. The thiol-introduction was then applied to glu-plasminogen itself. After activation with SATA, the protein was incubated with liposomes containing the thiol-reactive anchor maleimido-4-(p-phenylbutyrate)-phosphatidylethanolamine (MPB-PE). Under the chosen conditions, incubation of 0.5-2.5 mg/ml protein with 6.0-7.5 mumol/ml phospholipid for 30-120 min resulted in coupling-ratios of 20 to 94 micrograms glu-plasminogen per mumol phospholipid. This corresponds with about 140 to 660 protein molecules per liposome. SATA-derivatization of glu-plasminogen brought about a loss of its enzymatic activity induced by streptokinase. This activity of liposomally coupled plasminogen was about 52 to 74% of the activity of native glu-plasminogen (depending on the coupling-ratio). Although this may seem a significant loss of activity, it was shown that the capacity of liposomal glu-plasminogen to bind to its target, fibrin, was not reduced but several fold higher under the used conditions than that of the free protein. Therefore, the described method for thiol-introduction is an effective way to thiolate amylase without loss of activity, and to bind the homing-device glu-plasminogen to liposomes without substantially interfering with its fibrin-binding/homing capacity.