Remote detection of rhizomania in sugar beets.

ABSTRACT As a prelude to remote sensing of rhizomania, hyper-spectral leaf reflectance and multi-spectral canopy reflectance were used to study the physiological differences between healthy sugar beets and beets infested with Beet necrotic yellow vein virus. This study was conducted over time in the presence of declining nitrogen levels. Total leaf nitrogen was significantly lower in symptomatic beets than in healthy beets. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were reduced in symptomatic beets. Vegetative indices calculated from leaf spectra showed reductions in chlorophyll and carotenoids in symptomatic beets. Betacyanin levels estimated from leaf spectra were decreased at the end of the 2000 season and not in 2001. The ratio of betacyanins to chlorophyll, estimated from canopy spectra, was increased in symptomatic beets at four of seven sampling dates. Differences in betacyanin and carotenoid levels appeared to be related to disease and not nitrogen content. Vegetative indices calculated from multi-spectral canopy spectra supported results from leaf spectra. Logistic regression models that incorporate vegetative indices and reflectance correctly predicted 88.8% of the observations from leaf spectra and 87.9% of the observations for canopy reflectance into healthy or symptomatic classes. Classification was best in August with a gradual decrease in accuracy until harvest. These results indicate that remote sensing technologies can facilitate detection of rhizomania.

Characteristics of Beet Soilborne Mosaic Virus, a Furo-like Virus Infecting Sugar Beet.

Beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV) is a rigid rod-shaped virus transmitted by Polymyxa betae. Particles were 19 nm wide and ranged from 50 to over 400 nm, but no consistent modal lengths could be determined. Nucleic acids extracted from virions were polyadenylated and typically separated into three or four discrete bands of variable size by agarose-formaldehyde gel electrophoresis. RNA 1 and 2, the largest of the RNAs, consistently averaged 6.7 and 4.6 kb, respectively. The sizes and number of smaller RNA species were variable. The molecular mass of the capsid protein of BSBMV was estimated to be 22.5 kDa. In Northern blots, probes specific to the 3' end of individual beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) RNAs 1-4 hybridized strongly with the corresponding BNYVV RNA species and weakly with BSBMV RNAs 1, 2, and 4. Probes specific to the 5' end of BNYVV RNAs 1-4 hybridized with BNYVV but not with BSBMV. No cross-reaction between BNYVV and BSBMV was detected in Western blots. In greenhouse studies, root weights of BSBMV-infected plants were significantly lower than mock-inoculated controls but greater than root weights from plants infected with BNYVV. Results of serological, hybridization, and virulence experiments indicate that BSBMV is distinct from BNYVV. However, host range, capsid size, and the number, size, and polyadenylation of its RNAs indicate that BSBMV more closely resembles BNYVV than it does other members of the genus Furovirus.

[Karl Sudhoff's contribution and position to history of stomatology]. / Karl Sudhoffs Beitrag und Position zur Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde.

Among the few German medicohistorians of the 19th and the early 20th century contributing essentially to the formation of history of stomatology and to its methodologic and cognitive progress. Karl Sudhoff was the most eminent one. He was already very early aware of the full responsibility for stomatology--transferred with the stomatologie examination regulations in 1909--as a task relevant also for his special branch. Therefore, he had already announced stomatologicohistoric lectures at the University of Leipzig in 1913. Sudhoff published his "Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde" ("History of Stomatology") in 1921. Of topical interest is Sudhoff's confession that modern history of stomatology can be dealt with in an experienced and scientific manner only by a medico-historically aducated dentist familiar with the necessary methodologic equipment.

[Georg Ilberg (1862-1942). His life and medical-humanistic legacy]. / Georg Ilberg (1862-1942). Leben und ärztlich-humanistisches Vermächtnis.

Georg Ilberg, who is almost forgotten nowadays, was a scholar of Kraepelin and Ganser. From 1910 to 1928 he was director of the Landes-Heil- und Pflegeanstalt (country mental hospital) for mental patients Sonnenstein at Pirna. He was active in the scientific-literary field to a great age and worked as editor of the Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie from 1924 to 1934. Although he principally advocated the exclusion of certain mental patients from reproduction at the beginning of the 1930s, in a review in 1942, his integer humanist basic position and his pronounced social feeling made him to protest in public against the putting to death of mental in-patients.

[Possibilities of rapid diagnosis in meningitis]. / Möglichkeiten der Schnelldiagnostik der Meningitis.

The paper reviews rapid diagnosis methods for meningitis, covering currently proved immunological and physiochemical procedures, supplemented by reference to clinical biochemical tests.

[Trigeminal involvement following preventive influenza vaccination]. / Trigeminus-Affektion nach Influenza-Schutzimpfung.

Neuralgia-like complaints occurred in the region served by the ramus ophthalmicus et maxillaris nervi trigemini dexter of a woman aged 48 years two days after she had been inocculated with an inactivated influenza-A adsorbate complete vaccine (A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3-N2)); (A/Brazil/11/78 (H1-N1)). The clinical findings are explained, and the possibility of a connection between the symptomatology and a previous inocculation is discussed.