Gabapentin use in the neonatal intensive care unit and beyond: Single center report of 104 cases.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe our experience with gabapentin use in infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), including neurodevelopmental follow-up after discharge. METHODS: We performed a retrospective medical record review of infants prescribed gabapentin during admission to the University of Virginia NICU from 01/01/2015 to 04/30/2021. We report clinical characteristics including gabapentin indication, dosing and side-effects while in the NICU, discharge data, and assessments in outpatient developmental follow-up clinic. RESULTS: Gabapentin was prescribed to 104 infants (median gestational age 29 weeks, median postmenstrual age at initiation 41 weeks). Sixty-one percent of infants were male. The primary indication was irritability in 86%, and 67% were receiving at least one other neurosedative medication. Median maximum dose was 25 mg/kg/day (IQR 15-35 mg/kg/day) and 84% were discharged home on gabapentin. The majority required equipment at discharge (64% gastrostomy or nasogastric tube feeds, 54% supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation, and 40% both). At the first neurodevelopmental follow-up appointment, at least one area of delay was identified in 93% of infants and by 2 years corrected age 66% had a diagnosis of global developmental delay. CONCLUSIONS: NICU patients treated with gabapentin often require complex post-discharge care and require close neurodevelopmental follow up.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on heart rate in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia.

BACKGROUND: Sedation is recommended to optimize neuroprotection in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) undergoing therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Dexmedetomidine is an alternative agent to opioids, which are commonly used but have adverse effects. Both TH and dexmedetomidine can cause bradycardia. In this study, we describe our experience with dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in neonates undergoing TH for HIE, with a focus on heart rate (HR). METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review from 2011-2019 at a level IV NICU comparing sedation with dexmedetomidine (n = 14), fentanyl (n = 120), or both (n = 32) during TH for HIE. HR trends were compared based on sedation and gestational age. Neonates were included if they underwent TH and received sedation and were excluded if cooling was initiated past 24hours (h) from birth or if they required ECMO. RESULTS: Of the 166 neonates included, 46 received dexmedetomidine, 14 as monotherapy and 32 in combination with fentanyl. Mean hourly HR from 12-36 h after birth was significantly lower for infants on dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl monotherapy (91±9 vs. 103±11 bpm, p < 0.002). Dexmedetomidine was decreased or discontinued in 22 (47.8%) neonates, most commonly due to inadequate sedation with a low HR. Lower gestational age was associated with higher HR but no significant difference in dexmedetomidine-related HR trends. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an association with lower HR, dexmedetomidine may be successfully used in neonates with HIE undergoing TH. Implementation of a standardized protocol may facilitate dexmedetomidine titration in this population.

Salmonella berta meningitis in a term neonate.

We report the case of a 37-week male infant born via spontaneous vaginal delivery who developed Salmonella berta sepsis and meningitis. The infant was born to a mother with active diarrhea and stool cultures growing S. berta. On day 3, the infant developed poor feeding, lethargy, apnea and bradycardia prompting a sepsis evaluation. Blood, stool and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive for S. berta. An electroencephalogram performed for posturing revealed neonatal status epilepticus. Extensive bilateral periventricular venous hemorrhagic infarctions with multiple herniations were seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging. The infant's condition continued to deteriorate despite maximal support and care was redirected towards comfort measures.