Assuntos
Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Down/tratamento farmacológico , Indanos/uso terapêutico , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/etiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Colinesterase/efeitos adversos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Comorbidade , Donepezila , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Síndrome de Down/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Down/psicologia , Esquema de Medicação , Humanos , Indanos/administração & dosagem , Indanos/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Piperidinas/administração & dosagem , Piperidinas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Two cohorts of 4- and 5-year-old children (N = 700) were screened with the Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening Test. Two stratified samples (n = 51 cohort 1; n = 147 cohort 2), based on speech/language screening results, were administered criterion tests for articulation (AAPS-R or Templin-Darley) and language (TOLD or TALC-R). Clinical validation indices for combined speech or language outcome in the two cohorts were as follows: sensitivity, .43 and .31 respectively; specificity, .82 and .93; predictive value, .43 and .54; overreferral, 14% and 5%; underreferral, 14% in both cohorts, and percent agreement, 72% and 80%. The measure of sensitivities for language outcomes was lower than the above, whereas sensitivities for articulation was higher. These results suggest that the Fluharty is too insensitive to be relied on for screening programs aimed at identifying preschool children with language disorders, although it appears to have promise for the identification of children with articulation impairments.
Assuntos
Linguagem Infantil , Transtornos da Linguagem/diagnóstico , Testes de Linguagem , Transtornos da Articulação/diagnóstico , Percepção Auditiva , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Disagreement exists concerning the relationship between the perception of phonetic contrasts and their production by both normal and articulation-delayed children. The perception of three approximant consonant contrasts (/w/-/r/, /w/-/l/, /r/-/l/) was examined in two groups of 3-year-old children: normal children who did and did not articulate /r/ and /l/ correctly and articulation-delayed children who misarticulated /r/ and /l/. Perception was assessed in a two-choice forced-choice identification task in which the subjects heard a word and pushed a button lighting a picture corresponding to the word. In general, normally developing children were highly accurate in their perception of all three contrasts, but there was more variability in /w/-/l/ perceptual performance among the children who neutralized the /w/-/l/ contrast. Articulation-delayed children displayed a wider range of production patterns and were more variable in their perceptual performance than normally developing children. Results suggest than normally developing children learn to perceive approximant contrasts prior to 3 years of age. However, some but not all articulation-delayed 3-year-old children may still make errors in the perception of approximants.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Articulação/complicações , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Percepção/complicações , Percepção da Fala , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Fonética , Testes de Discriminação da FalaRESUMO
By spectroscopic and chemical tests (conversion of heme to a porphyrin), we have identified the presence of blood in the alleged blood areas of the Shroud of Turin.