RESUMO
The development of gender role qualities (attitudes, personality, leisure activities) from middle childhood to early adolescence was studied to determine whether siblings' gender role qualities predicted those of their sisters and brothers. Participants were 198 firstborn and second-born siblings (Ms = 10 years 9 months and 8 years 3 months, respectively, in Year 1) and their parents. Families were interviewed annually for 3 years. Firstborn siblings' qualities in Year 1 predicted second-born children's qualities in Year 3 when both parent and child qualities in Year 1 were controlled, a pattern consistent with a social learning model of sibling influence. Parental influence was more evident and sibling influence less evident in predicting firstborns' qualities; for firstborns, sibling influences suggested a de-identification process.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Identidade de Gênero , Núcleo Familiar/psicologia , Socialização , Adolescente , Adulto , Ordem de Nascimento , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Relações Pais-Filho , Psicologia do Adolescente , Psicologia da CriançaRESUMO
The authors examined the links between mothers' work qualities and their individual well-being and marital quality, as well as adolescent daughters' and sons' gender-role attitudes, as a function of mothers' provider-role attitudes, in 134 dual-earner families. In home interviews, mothers described their work, provider-role attitudes, family relationships, and mental health; their offspring reported gender-role attitudes. Women's attitudes about breadwinning were coded into main-secondary, coprovider, and ambivalent coprovider groups. Mothers' provider-role attitudes moderated the links between status indicators and mothers' depression, marital conflict, and daughters' gender-role attitudes. For example, depression and marital conflict were negatively related to coprovider mothers' earnings and occupational prestige. The same was not true for main-secondary and ambivalent coprovider mothers. These findings underscore the importance of considering employed women's interpretation of their work roles when exploring work-family links.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Atitude , Emprego/psicologia , Saúde da Família , Família/psicologia , Identidade de Gênero , Saúde Mental , Mães/psicologia , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Conflito Psicológico , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Casamento/psicologia , Classe Social , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
This study examined the correlates of mothers' and fathers' knowledge about the daily experiences of their firstborn (M = 10.9 years) and secondborn (M = 8.3 years) children in 198 nondivorced, predominantly dual-earner families. Results revealed between- and within-family differences in knowledge as a function of mothers' work involvement, sibship composition (i.e., sex, birth order), children's personal qualities (e.g., temperament), and parents' personal qualities (e.g., education, gender role attitudes). Mothers' knowledge did not vary as a function of how much they worked outside the home, but fathers knew more about their children's activities, whereabouts, and companions when their wives worked longer hours. Parents knew more about their younger than their older offspring. Both mothers and fathers knew more about offspring of the same sex than about opposite-sex children, leading to greater within-family differences in families with mixed-sex siblings. Perhaps because parental involvement and monitoring are more "scripted" for mothers than fathers, fathers' knowledge was more consistently related to their children's characteristics than was mothers.'
