Immunotherapy in AML: a brief review on emerging strategies

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common form of leukemia amongst adults, is one of the most important hematological malignancies. Epidemiological data show both high incidence rates and low survival rates, especially in secondary cases among adults. Although classic and novel chemotherapeutic approaches have extensively improved disease prognosis and survival, the need for more personalized and target-specific methods with less side effects have been inevitable. Therefore, immunotherapeutic methods are of importance. In the following review, primarily a brief understanding of the molecular basis of the disease has been represented. Second, prior to the introduction of immunotherapeutic approaches, the entangled relationship of AML and patient’s immune system has been discussed. At last, mechanistic and clinical evidence of each of the immunotherapy approaches have been covered (AU)

Immunotherapy in AML: a brief review on emerging strategies.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common form of leukemia amongst adults, is one of the most important hematological malignancies. Epidemiological data show both high incidence rates and low survival rates, especially in secondary cases among adults. Although classic and novel chemotherapeutic approaches have extensively improved disease prognosis and survival, the need for more personalized and target-specific methods with less side effects have been inevitable. Therefore, immunotherapeutic methods are of importance. In the following review, primarily a brief understanding of the molecular basis of the disease has been represented. Second, prior to the introduction of immunotherapeutic approaches, the entangled relationship of AML and patient's immune system has been discussed. At last, mechanistic and clinical evidence of each of the immunotherapy approaches have been covered.

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in response to soil fertilization / Nematoide-das-galhas, Meloidogyne javanica, em resposta à fertilização do solo

Abstract Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are well known disease problem causing major losses in vegetable crops. Although, chemical nematicides have been used as one of the primary means for controlling RKNs, reliance on these nematicides is associated with heavy costs and negative effects on human health and environment. In this research, the suppressing potential of 6 Iranian commercial fertilizers on RKNs was investigated in laboratory and greenhouse conditions as an alternative to reduce the use of chemical nematicides. For this purpose, M. javanica inoculum was thoroughly mixed with autoclaved sandy loam soil. Then, 6 fertilizers (biofertilizer, phosphate chemical fertilizer (phosphate), potassium chemical fertilizer (potassium), peat moss, vermicompost, and leaf mold) were added individually to the inoculated soil, according to the defined treatments. The nematicide Cadusafos was used as a positive control. A negative control was also included in the experiment (including no fertilizer and no nematicide). Four-leaf seedlings of the tomato (Super Chief cv.) were transferred to the pots filled using 2 kg of the treated soil. After 60 days, reproduction factor (RF), egg mass, and root galling of the nematode were recorded. The results showed that, fertilizer-treated soils had significantly (P≤0.05) lower root galling, egg mass, and RF compared to the negative control. After the nematicide treatment, the highest suppression capability on the RKN was obtained in treatments of phosphate, biofertilizer, potassium, vermicompost, peat moss, and leaf mold, respectively. It can be concluded that, replacing chemical nematicides with fertilizers may be considered as a successful nematode management in tomato fields.

Resumo Nematoides-das-galhas das raízes (RKNs) Meloidogyne spp. causam perdas consideráveis na produção de hortaliças em todo o mundo. Embora o uso de nematicidas químicos seja um dos principais meios de controle de RKNs, a dependência nesses nematicidas está associada aos altos custos e impactos negativos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. No presente estudo, foi investigado o potencial de supressão de seis fertilizantes comerciais iranianos em RKNs em condições de laboratório e estufa, a fim de reduzir o uso de nematicidas químicos. Para este propósito, o inóculo de M. javanica foi totalmente misturado com o solo franco-arenoso autoclavado. Em seguida, os fertilizantes (biofertilizante, fertilizante químico de fosfato (fosfato), fertilizante químico de potássico (potássio), musgo de turfa, vermicompostagem e bolor) foram adicionados e misturados individualmente ao solo inoculado, de acordo com os tratamentos definidos. O nematicida Cadusafós foi utilizado como controle positivo. Um controle negativo também foi considerado (sem fertilizante e sem nematicida). Mudas de quatro folhas do tomate (Super Chief cv.) foram transferidas para vasos cheios de 2 kg de solo tratado. Após 60 dias, o fator de reprodução (FR), a massa de ovos e o número de galhas foram registrados. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos com fertilizantes apresentaram significativamente (P≤0,05) menor número de galhas nas raízes, massa de ovos e FR, em comparação com o controle negativo. Depois do controle positivo, a maior capacidade de supressão de M. javanica foi obtida nos tratamentos com fosfato, biofertilizante, potássio, vermicompostagem, turfa e bolor, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a substituição de nematicidas químicos por fertilizantes pode ser uma estratégia aceitável para se alcançar uma gestão bem-sucedida de nematoides em campos de tomate.

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in response to soil fertilization.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are well known disease problem causing major losses in vegetable crops. Although, chemical nematicides have been used as one of the primary means for controlling RKNs, reliance on these nematicides is associated with heavy costs and negative effects on human health and environment. In this research, the suppressing potential of 6 Iranian commercial fertilizers on RKNs was investigated in laboratory and greenhouse conditions as an alternative to reduce the use of chemical nematicides. For this purpose, M. javanica inoculum was thoroughly mixed with autoclaved sandy loam soil. Then, 6 fertilizers (biofertilizer, phosphate chemical fertilizer (phosphate), potassium chemical fertilizer (potassium), peat moss, vermicompost, and leaf mold) were added individually to the inoculated soil, according to the defined treatments. The nematicide Cadusafos was used as a positive control. A negative control was also included in the experiment (including no fertilizer and no nematicide). Four-leaf seedlings of the tomato (Super Chief cv.) were transferred to the pots filled using 2 kg of the treated soil. After 60 days, reproduction factor (RF), egg mass, and root galling of the nematode were recorded. The results showed that, fertilizer-treated soils had significantly (P≤0.05) lower root galling, egg mass, and RF compared to the negative control. After the nematicide treatment, the highest suppression capability on the RKN was obtained in treatments of phosphate, biofertilizer, potassium, vermicompost, peat moss, and leaf mold, respectively. It can be concluded that, replacing chemical nematicides with fertilizers may be considered as a successful nematode management in tomato fields.

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in response to soil fertilization

Abstract Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are well known disease problem causing major losses in vegetable crops. Although, chemical nematicides have been used as one of the primary means for controlling RKNs, reliance on these nematicides is associated with heavy costs and negative effects on human health and environment. In this research, the suppressing potential of 6 Iranian commercial fertilizers on RKNs was investigated in laboratory and greenhouse conditions as an alternative to reduce the use of chemical nematicides. For this purpose, M. javanica inoculum was thoroughly mixed with autoclaved sandy loam soil. Then, 6 fertilizers (biofertilizer, phosphate chemical fertilizer (phosphate), potassium chemical fertilizer (potassium), peat moss, vermicompost, and leaf mold) were added individually to the inoculated soil, according to the defined treatments. The nematicide Cadusafos was used as a positive control. A negative control was also included in the experiment (including no fertilizer and no nematicide). Four-leaf seedlings of the tomato (Super Chief cv.) were transferred to the pots filled using 2 kg of the treated soil. After 60 days, reproduction factor (RF), egg mass, and root galling of the nematode were recorded. The results showed that, fertilizer-treated soils had significantly (P0.05) lower root galling, egg mass, and RF compared to the negative control. After the nematicide treatment, the highest suppression capability on the RKN was obtained in treatments of phosphate, biofertilizer, potassium, vermicompost, peat moss, and leaf mold, respectively. It can be concluded that, replacing chemical nematicides with fertilizers may be considered as a successful nematode management in tomato fields.

Resumo Nematoides-das-galhas das raízes (RKNs) Meloidogyne spp. causam perdas consideráveis na produção de hortaliças em todo o mundo. Embora o uso de nematicidas químicos seja um dos principais meios de controle de RKNs, a dependência nesses nematicidas está associada aos altos custos e impactos negativos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. No presente estudo, foi investigado o potencial de supressão de seis fertilizantes comerciais iranianos em RKNs em condições de laboratório e estufa, a fim de reduzir o uso de nematicidas químicos. Para este propósito, o inóculo de M. javanica foi totalmente misturado com o solo franco-arenoso autoclavado. Em seguida, os fertilizantes (biofertilizante, fertilizante químico de fosfato (fosfato), fertilizante químico de potássico (potássio), musgo de turfa, vermicompostagem e bolor) foram adicionados e misturados individualmente ao solo inoculado, de acordo com os tratamentos definidos. O nematicida Cadusafós foi utilizado como controle positivo. Um controle negativo também foi considerado (sem fertilizante e sem nematicida). Mudas de quatro folhas do tomate (Super Chief cv.) foram transferidas para vasos cheios de 2 kg de solo tratado. Após 60 dias, o fator de reprodução (FR), a massa de ovos e o número de galhas foram registrados. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos com fertilizantes apresentaram significativamente (P0,05) menor número de galhas nas raízes, massa de ovos e FR, em comparação com o controle negativo. Depois do controle positivo, a maior capacidade de supressão de M. javanica foi obtida nos tratamentos com fosfato, biofertilizante, potássio, vermicompostagem, turfa e bolor, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a substituição de nematicidas químicos por fertilizantes pode ser uma estratégia aceitável para se alcançar uma gestão bem-sucedida de nematoides em campos de tomate.