The Development of New Scoring System to Define the Presence of Instability and the Need of Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis - Jakarta Instability Score.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review, expert opinion and Delphi technique, and validity and reliability studies. OBJECTIVE: We developed Jakarta Instability Score (JIS) to identify spinal instability and the need of fusion in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). METHODS: This study consisted of systematic review to find predictors of spinal instability, expert opinion and modified Delphi technique to develop JIS, and validity and reliability studies of the newly developed JIS. RESULTS: A total of 54 studies were included in the systematic reviews to obtain predictors of spinal instability. Through expert opinion and modified Delphi technique, JIS was developed and consisted of the clinical component (back pain), dynamic radiograph component (dynamic translation and angulation), and MRI component (facet joint effusion), each of the component would be scored, and the total scoring would be from 0 to 14. The final scoring would classify patients into three groups: stable group (score of 0 to 4) in which the fusion is not needed, potentially unstable group (score of 5 to 8) in which the decision of fusion is based on surgeon's clinical judgment, and unstable group (score of 9 to 14) in which the fusion is needed. Final step of study concluded that this JIS had a high validity and reliability. CONCLUSION: The newly developed JIS was a valid and reliable scoring system that could help to identify the presence of instability in LSS and can be used as a guideline to decide whether spinal fusion will be needed.

Pediatric paraparesis: Radiological challenges in multidrug-resistant tuberculous spondylitis based on experience in Indonesia.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculous spondylitis is a global health issue, especially in developing nations, and non-specific symptoms lead to delay in identification, treatment, and potential disability in children. Radiology plays a crucial role in diagnosing tuberculous spondylitis, which in turn might lead to effective treatment, prevention of disability and improved patient outcomes. Our case involved a 20-month-old malnourished child presented with paraparesis, revealing a history of contact with parental multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Multimodality radiological examinations, including conventional radiography, CT, and MRI revealed extensive disease of the spine with disc involvement, large paravertebral abscess, and kyphotic deformity which produced neurological deficits, necessitating both anti-tuberculosis regimen and surgical intervention. Radiological examinations have a pivotal role in diagnosing, evaluating and guiding timely management of multidrug-resistant tuberculous spondylitis. Prompt diagnosis of the condition is crucial in order to prevent potentially severe complications, which contribute significantly to morbidity. Our case demonstrated the importance of radiology in diagnosing extensive spine involvement of the disease causing neurological deficits. Furthermore, radiology also helps in managing tuberculous spondylitis to prevent future disability in a child patient of a developing country. This case highlights the crucial significance of radiological imaging in the diagnosis and management of pediatric tuberculous spondylitis in impoverished nations. The patient's complex medical history highlights the socioeconomic factors contributing to tuberculosis burden. Early and comprehensive radiological assessment, together with collaboration between radiologists and clinicians, is vital for timely intervention and improved outcomes in pediatric tuberculous spondylitis cases to prevent the impact of this debilitating disease on children.

Conservative approach for treatment of Grisel's syndrome after resection of lympahadenitis tuberculosis of the neck: A rare case report.

INTRODUCTION: Grisel's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by nontraumatic rotatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint, which was caused by previous inflammation around the head and neck. It is usually seen in children and signed as torticollis. There was no consensus for management, yet early diagnosis and treatment is paramount. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 5-year-old girl came to outpatient clinic complaining of wry neck 1 day after surgical excision of her TB lymphadenitis and got worsen by time. There was no history of trauma around the neck. Examination under general anesthesia and CT scan revealed acquired severe torticollis consistent with Grisel's Syndrome Fielding type 3 accompanied by TB lymphadenitis, and TB myositis of the neck. Manipulation under general anesthesia and immobilization using Minerva cast followed by Lerman Cervicothoracal Osthosis was conducted. DISCUSSION: This patient was diagnosed with Grisel's syndrome and underwent conservative treatment consisting of reduction under general anesthesia and immobilization using Minerva cast for 6 weeks. The patient was then applied Lherman Cervical Thoracic Orthosis (CTO) halo brace for another 3 months. Anti-tuberculous drug was given to control tuberculous infection. Eight months follow-up showed neither residual deformity, neck pain, nor movement limitation of the neck. CONCLUSION: Grisel's syndrome has excellent result that is treated with conservative treatment using reduction under general anesthesia and Minerva cast.

Emergency orthopaedic surgery in the pandemic era: A case series at Cipto Mangunkusumo national tertiary hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia.

INTRODUCTION: Every emergency surgery performed is aimed at saving lives; however, during COVID-19 pandemic, surgeries are often postponed. Many existing recommendations take into account postponing surgery during a pandemic. How these surgeries can lead to increasing infection rates has not been widely published. This study aims to investigate the relationship of emergency orthopaedic surgery and the incidence rate of COVID-19. PRESENTATION OF CASE: This was a case series of 14 patients. The study was performed at the emergency department unit at a national tertiary hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 14 patients underwent orthopaedic surgery in the emergency room of our institution. The mean age of the subjects was 40.07 ± 20.5 years. Twelve (85.7%) were male patients and 2 (14.3%) were female patients. The average duration of surgery was 125 minutes. The most used type of anaesthesia was general anaesthesia for 6 operations (50%). Patients were hospitalized for an average length of 4 days. Three patients had infiltrates found on plain x-ray examination, which required further examination to determine whether the cause was COVID-19 infection or not. There was no ground glass appearance (GGO) in the three patients in further follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: We found that emergency orthopaedic surgery was not associated with increasing number of COVID-19 cases. Factors including duration of surgery, length of stay, types of anaesthesia and comorbidities were also not associated with COVID-19 cases in this study.

Posterior dislocation of left hip joint with closed fracture of left acetabulum Judet-Letournel type posterior wall, femoral head fracture, management and follow up: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic dislocation of the hip is a very severe injury. Posterior hip dislocation can be associated with acetabular fracture, which can ultimately result in a higher incidence of complications. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case report of 26-year-old men with a motor vehicle accident and suffered a posterior hip dislocation on left hip joint and acetabular fracture with Judet-Letournel type posterior wall and femoral head fracture. This patient was performed closed reduction, however, due to dynamic instability of hip joint, internal Fixation through Kocher Langenback Approach and insertion of Herbert screws for femoral head and acetabular posterior wall fracture and interfragmentary screw for trochanteric osteotomy. The patient was followed up for 2 years and have a painless hip with full hip range of motion. DISCUSSION: Posterior wall acetabular fractures sometimes occurs after posterior dislocation of the hip. Posterior wall fragment of the acetabular wall fracture can compromise the stability of the hip joint. The reduction can be maintained by closed means or by operative reduction if there is an obstacle to performed closed reduction or followed by sciatic nerve palsy after closed reduction. The complication of operative reduction is avascular necrosis which compromises the integrity of the femoral head and contributing to posttraumatic osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: Careful examination of acetabular fracture in posterior hip dislocation is required and failed of closed reduction or instability of hip joint are indications to perform open reduction and internal fixation.