Consumption of Soya Isoflavones Improved Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)-Associated Metabolic Disorders in a Rat Model.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased risks for certain metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and suppressed ovarian follicular development. This study aimed to examine whether soya isoflavones (ISF) mitigate these PCOS-associated metabolic disorders in a rat model. Weanling Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and were treated with either 0 or 83 µg/day dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to induce PCOS and fed diets containing 0, 0.5, or 1g ISF/kg diet for 8 weeks. DHT treatment increased food intake, body weight gain (BWG, p<0.001), percentage of primordial follicles (60% vs 50.9%, p<0.05), and accumulation of lipid droplets in the livers. It also elevated serum total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and leptin, and hepatic TC and NEFA. Additionally, DHT treatment reduced the percentage of primary follicles (13.8% vs 30.2%, p<0.05), ovary weight, and length (p<0.001), as well as insulin sensitivity (p<0.01) compared to the Control. ISF intake at 1g/kg reduced BWG, serum TC, FC, NEFA, leptin, and hepatic triglycerides and DHT-induced insulin resistance (p<0.01). ISF intake at both levels decreased DHT-induced lipid droplet accumulation in the livers, and changes in the percentages of primordial and primary follicles. Dietary soya ISF alleviated DHT-induced BWG, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, as well as suppressed ovarian follicular development. This suggests that consumption of soya foods or ISF supplements may be beneficial for the individuals with PCOS, mitigating the associated metabolic disorders such as diabetes and NAFLD.

L-Lysine supplementation affects dietary protein quality and growth and serum amino acid concentrations in rats.

Single amino acid (AA) supplementations in foods are increasing, however their potential nutritional and physiological impacts are not fully understood. This study examined the effects of L-lysine (Lys) supplementation on protein quality of diets, serum AA concentrations and associations between the ratio of supplemental Lys to dietary protein (X) with body weight gain (BWG) in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Rats were fed one of 10 diets containing either 7% or 20% casein and supplemented with 0% (Control), 1.5%, 3%, 6% Lys or 6% Lys + 3% L-arginine (Arg) (8 rats/diet group) for 1 week. Lys supplementation reduced the protein quality of the casein-based diets (p < 0.01). BWG was reduced by supplemental Lys when X > 0.18. Free Lys supplementation dose-dependently increased serum Lys levels (p < 0.01), while increased protein-bound Lys (1.4% vs 0.52%) had little effect on serum Lys (p > 0.05). In the 7% casein diets, ≥ 1.5% supplemental Lys reduced serum alanine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, valine, carnitine, ornithine, and increased urea. Supplementation of ≥ 3% Lys additionally reduced tryptophan and increased histidine, methionine and α-aminoadipic acid (α-AAA) compared to the Control (p < 0.05). In the 20% casein diets, addition of ≥ 1.5% Lys reduced serum asparagine and threonine, and ≥ 3% Lys reduced leucine, proline, tryptophan, valine, and ornithine, and 6% Lys reduced carnitine, and increased histidine, methionine, and α-AAA. Overall, this study showed that free Lys supplementation in a Lys-sufficient diet reduced the protein quality of the diets and modified the serum concentrations of many amino acids. Excess free Lys intake adversely affected growth and utilization of nutrients due to AA imbalance or antagonism. Overall lower protein intake increases susceptibility to the adverse effects of Lys supplementation.

Hypolipidemic Effects of Soy Protein and Isoflavones in the Prevention of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease- A Review.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and affects about 25% of the population globally. Obesity and diabetes are the main causes of the disease characterized by excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver. There is currently no direct pharmacological treatments for NAFLD. Dietary intervention and lifestyle modification are the key strategies in the prevention and treatment of the disease. Soy consumption is associated with many health benefits such as decreased incidence of coronary heart disease, type-2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and obesity. The hypolipidemic functions of soy components have been shown in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Dietary soy proteins and associated isoflavones suppressed the formation and accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver and improved NAFLD-associated metabolic syndrome. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying the effects of soy components are mainly through modulation of transcription factors, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2, and expressions of their target genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis as well as lipid droplet-promoting protein, fat-specific protein-27. Inclusion of appropriate amounts of soy protein and isoflavones in the diets might be a useful approach to decrease the prevalence of NAFLD and mitigate disease burden.