RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Apps promoting patient self-management may improve health outcomes. However, methods to secure stored information on mobile devices may adversely affect usability. We tested the reliability and usability of common user authentication techniques in younger and older adults. METHODOLOGY: Usability testing was conducted in two age groups, 18 to 30 years and 50 years and older. After completing a demographic questionnaire, each participant tested four authentication options in random order: four-digit personal identification number (PIN), graphical password (GRAPHICAL), Android pattern-lock (PATTERN), and a swipe-style Android fingerprint scanner (FINGERPRINT). Participants rated each option using the Systems Usability Scale (SUS). RESULTS: A total of 59 older and 43 younger participants completed the study. Overall, PATTERN was the fastest option (3.44s), and PIN had the fewest errors per attempt (0.02). Participants were able to login using PIN, PATTERN, and GRAPHICAL at least 98% of the time. FINGERPRINT was the slowest (26.97s), had an average of 1.46 errors per attempt, and had a successful login rate of 85%. Overall, PIN and PATTERN had higher SUS scores than FINGERPRINT and GRAPHICAL. Compared to younger participants, older participants were also less likely to find PATTERN to be tiring, annoying or time consuming and less likely to consider PIN to be time consuming. Younger participants were more likely to rate GRAPHICAL as annoying, time consuming and tiring than older participants. CONCLUSIONS: On mobile devices, PIN and pattern-lock outperformed graphical passwords and swipe-style fingerprints. All participants took longer to authenticate using the swipe-style fingerprint compared to other options. Older participants also took two to three seconds longer to authenticate using the PIN, pattern and graphical passwords though this did not appear to affect perceived usability.
Assuntos
Segurança Computacional , Aplicativos Móveis , Telemedicina , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Interface Usuário-Computador , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The vitamin E analogues (2R,4'R,8'R)-nor-α-tocopherol (94 % de) and (2RS,4'R,8'R)-nor-α-tocopherol have been synthesized from (all R)-hexahydrofarnesol and phytol, respectively. According to in vitro experiments with murine macrophages nor-α-tocopherol is an anti-inflammatory compound more potent than α-tocopherol.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/síntese química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , alfa-Tocoferol/síntese química , alfa-Tocoferol/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/genética , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/enzimologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , alfa-Tocoferol/análogos & derivados , alfa-Tocoferol/químicaRESUMO
Alpha-tocopherol was synthesized from a chiral intermediate alpha-hydroxy ester by means of two ring-closing methods to yield the chromanol in 94% diastereomeric excess.
