Determinants and Patterns of Contraceptive Use among Sexually Active Women Living with HIV in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Background: Contraception is a strategy to meet the family planning goals of women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) as well as to reduce the transmission of HIV. There is limited data from Nigeria, where HIV prevalent is the second-largest in the world. This study aimed to examine contraceptive use and identify factors influencing its use among sexually active WLHIV in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 443 sexually active WLHIV across three HIV treatment centers in Ibadan, Oyo State. The inclusion criteria were WLHIV, aged 18-49 years, who asserted being fecund and sexually active. An adopted questionnaire was used to collect data, and the data was analyzedusing the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Windows version 25. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Among sexually active WLHIV (n = 443), 73.1% used contraceptives, with 26.9% having unmet needs. The results revealed a significant association between employment status and the use of contraceptives (AOR = 2.150; 95% CI 1.279-3.612 p=0.004); accessibility to contraceptive methods and the use of contraceptives (AOR = 21.483; 95% CI 7.279-63.402 p=0.00). Also, a significant association was found between payment for service and contraceptive use (AOR = 14.343; 95% CI 2.705-76.051; p = 0.003). Previous reactions towards contraceptive use were also significantly associated with contraceptive use (AOR = 14.343; 95% CI 2.705-76.051 p = 0.003). The dual contraceptives usage rate was 30.7%. Conclusions: Although contraceptive use among sexually active WLHIV was high, the study highlighted the need for increased adoption of dual contraceptive methods to mitigate the risk of unintended pregnancy and HIV re-infection among this population. It emphasized the importance of continuous sensitization and counseling services healthcare providers provide to promote contraceptive use among WLHIV.

Adherence determination using urine-tenofovir point-of-care testing and pharmacy refill records: A cross-sectional study.

Pharmacy refill records (PRR), are an accessible strategy for estimating adherence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the low-cost urine-tenofovir point-of-care test opens up the possibility of an objective metric of adherence that is scalable to LMICs. This study compared adherence to tenofovir-based regimens using urine-tenofovir point-of-care (POC) test with pharmacy refill records in a Nigerian population of HIV-positive persons. This was a cross-sectional study among 94 HIV-positive adults, which was conducted from June to August 2021, in a large outpatient clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. Adherence to pharmacy appointments was automatically calculated using a computerized pharmacy appointment system (FileMaker Pro™). Urine drops on the urine-tenofovir POC test strip developed 2 lines for a negative test (tenofovir absent) and one line for a positive test. Fisher's exact test was used to examine the association between pharmacy refill record and urine-tenofovir point-of-care test. Logistic regression was performed to predict viral suppression (<1000 copies/mL, based on WHO recommendations) using both methods of adherence determination. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of the association between specificity and sensitivity was generated to evaluate the predictive value of adherence determined using pharmacy-refill record and urine-tenofovir point-of-care test in forecasting viral suppression. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Fisher's exact test showed no statistically significant difference in adherence using urine-tenofovir point-of-care test or pharmacy refill record. The logistic regression model showed that an increase in pharmacy-refill record of ≥ 95% was associated with viral suppression (P = .019). From the ROC curve, the sensitivity was same at 95.5% for both methods, but the specificity of the urine-tenofovir point-of-care test was greater (96.6% vs 95.5%) than pharmacy refill record (P = .837). Urine-tenofovir point-of-care test provided equivalent adherence data to pharmacy refill data.

High Acceptability of Donating Hair and Other Biological Samples for Research Among People Living with HIV in an Outpatient Clinic in Lagos, Nigeria.

Willingness to donate hair samples is a rate-limiting step for assaying antiretroviral (ARV) concentrations in hair, an emerging technique for HIV prevention and treatment monitoring. We surveyed ethnically diverse Nigerians to determine their willingness to donate hair for biomedical research. A cross-sectional survey of people living with HIV on ARV therapy (ART) was conducted at the HIV clinic of Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, using systematic sampling. The researcher-administered questionnaire was designed to capture sociodemographic data, length of time on ART, and willingness to donate hair. Univariate analysis was performed on sociodemographic characteristics, and independent-samples t-test and chi-square tests were used for bivariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with willingness to donate hair samples, with a significance level of 0.05. Of the 398 participants enrolled in the study, 258 (64.8%) were female, the average age was 40 years (±9.8), and the average time spent on ART was 7.3 years (±4.2). More than half (64.8%) of the respondents were willing to donate hair samples for biomedical research and they were 1.5 times more likely to donate hair than blood. For one-third of the participants, the anticipated benefit from the eventual research findings was the primary motivation to donate hair samples. Fear of use of hair for rituals was the most common stated reason for unwillingness to donate hair samples (21.2%). In an ethnically diverse, urban-based Nigerian study population, nearly two-thirds of the participants were willing to donate hair samples for biomedical research. These findings support the feasibility of hair sampling for future HIV clinical research conducted within Nigeria.

Child sexual abuse and disclosure in South Western Nigeria: a community based study.

INTRODUCTION: The true burden of child sexual abuse in Nigeria is not known as most reports are institutional based. This study was designed to determine population level data on the burden and pattern of child sexual abuse among adolescents in South Western Nigeria. METHODS: A community based study among adolescents in SouthWestern Nigeria. Semi- structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents selected through a multistage sampling technique. Analysis was with SPSS version 20. RESULTS: 398 adolescents (314 females and 84 males) aged 10-19 years with a mean age of 15.6 ± 2.0 years participated in the study. Most were single (90.7%), in school (84.2%), and lived with their parents/guardians (89.4%). The prevalence of CSA was 25.7%. Penetrative abuse occurred in 7.5%, and forced abuse in 46.2% of cases. Perpetrators were mostly boyfriends (31.2%) and neighbours (16.1%). Intra-familial abuse occurred in 7.5% of cases. Only 34.4% of cases ever disclosed the abuse. CONCLUSION: CSA is common in the community, with perpetrators majorly persons known to the adolescents. A large number of cases are not reported. Efforts should be made to educate children and their parents on various ways to reduce child sexual abuse and its consequences.

Prevalence and impact of sickle cell trait on the clinical and laboratory parameters of HIV infected children in Lagos, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: sickle cell disease and HIV infection are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. While Haemoglobin S (HbS) contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in the homozygous or double heterozygous states, in the carrier state it confers a survival advantage in disease conditions such as malaria. However the interaction between sickle haemoglobin and HIV infection, especially in children remains largely unknown. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and impact of sickle cell trait on the clinical and laboratory parameters of HIV infected children in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: a cross-sectional study among HIV infected children in an HIV treatment centre in Lagos, Nigeria. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained and blood sample collected for haemoglobin electrophoresis, HIV RNA viral load and haematologic profile. Data was analysed with SPSS version 20. RESULTS: the prevalence of sickle cell trait was 18.8% among the 208 study participants, with none having sickle cell disease (SCD). Participants with SCT were significantly younger (OR = 4.0 95% CI (1.74-9.24)), more likely to be from the Yoruba ethnic group (OR = 3.3 95% CI [1.45-7.52)), had more opportunistic infections (OR = 2.4 95% CI (1.18-5.03), and lower mean HIV RNA viral load (p = 0.05) at baseline. However response to HIV care and treatment was similar in both groups of participants. CONCLUSION: the finding of absence of SCD, low prevalence of SCT, and lower HIV viraemia in HIV infected children with SCT may have implications for childhood survival which requires further clarification in future studies.

Foetal loss and enhanced fertility observed in mice treated with Zidovudine or Nevirapine.

BACKGROUND: Health concerns for HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have moved from morbidity to the challenges of long-term ART. We investigated the effect of Zidovudine or Nevirapine on reproductive capacity across two mouse generations. METHODS: A prospective mouse study with drugs administered through one spermatogenic cycle. Mouse groups (16 males and 10 females) were given Zidovudine or Nevirapine for 56 days. Males were mated to untreated virgin females to determine dominant lethal effects. Twenty females (10 treated and 10 untreated) mated with the treated males per dose and gave birth to the F1 generation. Parental mice were withdrawn from drugs for one spermatogenic cycle and mated to the same dams to ascertain if effects are reversible. The F1 generation were exposed for another 56 days and mated to produce the F2 generation. RESULTS: Foetal loss was indicated in the dominant lethal assay as early as four weeks into drug administration to the males. At the first mating of the parental generation to produce the F1 generation, births from 10 dams/dose when the 'father-only' was exposed to Zidovudine (10, 100 and 250 mg/kg) was 3, 2 and 1 while it was 7, 1 and 4 respectively when 'both-parents' were exposed. Similarly births from the parental generation first mating when the 'father-only' was exposed to Nevirapine (5, 50 and 150 mg/kg) was 2, 2 and 0 while it was 6, 5 and 9 respectively when 'both-parents' were exposed. However, fertility was not significantly different neither by dose nor by the parental exposure. The F1 mice mated to produce the F2 generation recorded only one birth. CONCLUSION: The dominant lethal analysis showed foetal loss occurred when the "fathers-only" were treated while fertility was enhanced when "both-parents" were on therapy at the time of mating.

Incidence of and socio-biologic risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth in HIV positive Nigerian women.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have identified HIV as a leading contributor to preterm delivery and its associated morbidity and mortality. However little or no information exists in our sub-region on this subject. Identifying the factors associated with preterm delivery in HIV positive women in our country and sub-region will not only prevent mother to child transmission of HIV virus but will also reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with prematurity and low birth weight. This study was designed to determine the incidence and risk factors for preterm delivery in HIV positive Nigerians. METHOD: The required data for this retrospective study was extracted from the data base of a cohort study of the outcome of prevention of mother to child transmission at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos. Only data of women that met the eligibility of spontaneous delivery after 20 weeks of gestation were included. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institution's Ethical Review Board. RESULTS: 181 women out of the 1626 eligible for inclusion into the study had spontaneous preterm delivery (11.1%). The mean birth weight was 3.1 ± 0.4 kg, with 10.3% having LBW. Spontaneous preterm delivery was found to be significantly associated with unmarried status (cOR: 1.7;1.52-2.57), baseline CD4 count <200 cells/mm(3) (cOR: 1.8; 1.16-2.99), presence of opportunistic infection at delivery (cOR: 2.2;1.23-3.57), multiple pregnancy (cOR 10.4; 4.24 - 26.17), use of PI based triple ARV therapy (eOR 10.2; 5.52 - 18.8) in the first trimester (cOR 2.5; 1.77 - 3.52) on univariate analysis. However after multivariate analysis controlling for potential confounding variables including low birth weight, only multiple pregnancy (aOR: 8.6; CI: 6.73 - 12.9), presence of opportunistic infection at delivery (aOR: 1.9; CI: 1.1 - 5.7), and 1st trimester exposure to PI based triple therapy (aOR: 5.4; CI: 3.4 - 7.8) retained their significant association with preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: The spontaneous preterm delivery rate among our cohort was 11.1%. HIV positive women with multiple pregnancies, symptomatic HIV infection at delivery and first trimester fetal exposure to PI based triple therapy were found to be at risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. Early booking and non-use of PI based triple therapy in the first trimester will significantly reduce the risk of preterm delivery.

Effect of HIV-1 infection and increasing immunosuppression on menstrual function.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, pattern and determinants of menstrual abnormalities in HIV-positive Nigerian women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 3473 (2549 HIV-seropositive and 924 seronegative) consecutive and consenting women seen at the HIV treatment centers at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos and the Federal Medical Centre, Markurdi. RESULTS: The sociodemographic characteristics of the two groups were comparable, except for body mass index (BMI): the HIV-negative women (28.1 ± 8.1) had statistically significantly (P < 0.005) higher BMI compared to the HIV-positive women (21.9 ± 7.5). Menstrual abnormalities were significantly more common in women living with HIV/AIDS (29.1%) compared to the HIV-negative (18.9%) women (P < 0.001). The proportions of women in the two groups with intermenstrual bleeding, menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea, and postcoital bleeding were similar (P > 0.005), however amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, irregular periods and secondary dysmenorrhea were more common in the HIV-positive women (P < 0.02). Primary dysmenorrhea was less common in HIV-positive women (P < 0.03). Among the HIV-positive women, menstrual dysfunction was more common in women living with HIV/AIDS with opportunistic infections, CD4 count < 200, not undertaking therapy, symptomatic disease and BMI < 20. However, after controlling for cofounders, only CD4 < 200 (odds ratio [OR], 3.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-9.7), BMI < 20 (OR, 2.4; 95%CI, 1.3-3.5) and not taking antiretroviral drugs (OR, 2.05; CI, 1.7-6.5) were associated with amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, irregular periods and secondary dysmenorrhea. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive women in this study experienced more menstrual abnormalities of amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and irregular periods compared to the HIV-negative controls. HIV-positive women with CD4 count < 200, BMI < 20 and who do not take antiretroviral drugs are at the greatest risk.

Incidence and risk factors for caesarean wound infection in Lagos Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Post caesarean wound infection is not only a leading cause of prolonged hospital stay but a major cause of the widespread aversion to caesarean delivery in developing countries. In order to control and prevent post caesarean wound infection in our environment there is the need to access the relative contribution of each aetiologic factor. Though some studies in our environment have identified factors associated with post caesarean wound infection, none was specifically designed to address these issues prospectively or assess the relative contribution of each of the risk factors. FINDINGS: Prospective multicentre study over a period of 56 months in Lagos Nigeria. All consecutive and consenting women scheduled for caesarean section and meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Cases were all subjects with post caesarean wound infection. Those without wound infection served as controls. Data entry and analysis were performed using EPI-Info programme version 6 and SPSS for windows version 10.0.Eight hundred and seventeen women were enrolled into the study. Seventy six (9.3%) of these cases were complicated with wound infection. The proportion of subjects with body mass index greater than 25 was significantly higher among the subjects with wound infection (51.3%) than in the subjects without wound infection (33.9%) p = 0.011. There were also significantly higher proportions of subjects with prolonged rupture of membrane (p = 0.02), prolonged operation time (p = 0.001), anaemia (p = 0.031) and multiple vaginal examinations during labour (0.021) among the women that had wound infection compared to the women that did not have wound infection. After adjustment for confounders only prolonged rupture of membrane (OR = 4.45), prolonged operation time (OR = 2.87) and body max index > 25 (2.34) retained their association with post caesarean wound infection. CONCLUSION: Effort should be geared towards the prevention of prolonged rupture of fetal membrane and the reduction of prolonged operation time by the use of potent antibiotics, early intervention and use of good surgical technique. In obese women improved surgical technique and use of non absorbable sutures may suffice.

Intimate partner violence and correlates in pregnant HIV positive Nigerians.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, types and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) in pregnant Nigerian living with HIV. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. POPULATION: HIV positive pregnant women. SETTING: A large HIV comprehensive treatment centre. METHODS: A cross sectional study of 652 HIV positive pregnant Nigerians seen at Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria over a 24 months period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of intimate partner violence after HIV diagnosis. RESULTS: Among the women interviewed, 423 (65.8%) reported abuse. In 74.0% of abused women, the abuse started after HIV diagnosis. Though having a HIV negative spouse and disclosure of HIV status were associated with abuse, only having a HIV negative partner retained its association with IPV (OR 3.1; CI 2.4-5.3) after controlling for confounding variables. Sixty-two (9.6%) women have not disclosed their HIV status because of fear of rejection. Verbal abuse (51.7%), threat of violence in 97 (22.9%) and sexual deprivation in 91 (21.5%) were the common forms of abuse reported. CONCLUSION: IPV is common among HIV positive pregnant Nigerians; with a threefold increased risk in women in HIV serodiscordant relationship.