Thermoelastic Response of the Juno Spacecraft's Solar Array/Magnetometer Boom and Its Applicability to Improved Magnetic Field Investigation.

Juno was inserted into a polar orbit about Jupiter on 4 July 2016. Juno's magnetic field investigation acquires vector measurements of the Jovian magnetic field using a pair of a triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometers (FGMs) colocated with four attitude-sensing star cameras on an optical bench. The optical bench is placed on a boom at the outer extremity of one of Juno's three solar arrays. The Magnetic Field investigation (MAG) uses measurements of the optical bench inertial attitude provided by the micro-Advanced Stellar Compass (µASC) to render accurate vector measurements of the planetary magnetic field. During periJoves, orientation of the MAG Optical Benches (MOB) is determined using the spacecraft (SC) attitude combined with transformations between SC and MOB coordinate frames. Substantial prelaunch effort was expended to maximize the thermomechanical stability of the Juno solar arrays and MAG boom. Nevertheless, the Juno flight experience demonstrates that the transformation between SC and MAG reference frames varies significantly in response to spacecraft thermal excursions associated with large attitude maneuvers and proximate encounters with Jupiter. This response is monitored by comparing attitudes provided by the MAG investigation's four Camera Head Units (CHUs) with those provided by the Stellar Reference Unit (SRU). These systematic variations in relative orientation are thought to be caused by the thermoelastic flexure of the Juno solar array in response to temperature excursions associated with maneuvers and heating during close passages of Jupiter. In this paper, we investigate these thermal effects and propose a model for compensation of the MAG boom flexure.

A Jovian Magnetodisc Model for the Juno Era.

The Jovian magnetosphere assumes a disc-like geometrical configuration ("magnetodisc") owing to the persistent presence of a system of azimuthal currents circulating in a washer-shaped volume aligned with, or near, the magnetic equatorial plane. A Voyager era empirical model of the magnetodisc is fitted to vector magnetic field measurements obtained during the Juno spacecraft's first 24 orbits. The best fitting (within 30 Jovian radii) magnetodisc model is characterized by an inner and outer radius of 7.8 and 51.4 Jovian radii, a half-thickness of 3.6 Jovian radii, with a surface normal at 9.3° from the Jovigraphic pole and 204.2° System 3 west longitude. We supplement the magnetodisc model with a second current system, also confined to the magnetic equatorial plane, consisting of outward radial currents that presumably effect the transfer of angular momentum to outward flowing plasma. Allowing for variation of the magnetodisc's azimuthal and radial current systems from one 53-day orbit to the next, we develop an index of magnetospheric activity that may be useful in interpretation of variations in auroral observations.

[Prosthetic reconstruction in high amputations of the upper extremity]. / Prothetische Rekonstruktion hoher Amputationen der oberen Extremität.

BACKGROUND: Conventional upper arm prostheses are controlled via two surface electrodes that measure motor activity of two separately innervated muscle groups. The various prosthetic joints are chosen by co-contractions and controlled linearly by these two muscles. A harmonious and natural course of movements is not possible in this way. OBJECTIVES: Overview regarding surgical, therapeutical and prosthetic options in high amputations of the upper extremity. METHODS: Selective literature research including the authors' own experience in everyday clinical practice as well as a review of medical records. RESULTS: Selective nerve transfers of the amputated nerves of the brachial plexus to the remaining stump muscles can create up to six myosignals for intuitive and simultaneous control of the different prosthetic joints. In this way, an efficient and harmonious control of the prosthetic device is possible without the need to change between the different control levels. At the same time, possible neuromas are treated and painless wear of the prosthesis is achieved. Due to the resulting extended use of the prosthetic device, the demands regarding stump quality are increased. Thus, both surgically and by the means of the orthopedic technician a stable stump-socket connection should be achieved to enable optimal prosthetic function.

A systematic review on the effectiveness of medical training therapy for subacute and chronic low back pain.

Medical training therapy (MTT) to improve muscular strength and endurance follows evidence based guidelines and is increasingly recommended to patients suffering from subacute and chronic back pain (LBP). This study investigated whether MTT was effective in reducing pain and improving function in patients with subacute or chronic LBP. Data sources were MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Pedro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We included RCTs that examined exercise or MTT in adult patients with LBP compared to placebo, no intervention or other interventions. Study outcomes had to include at least one of the following: pain intensity; functional status, absenteeism. Two independent reviewers performed quality assessment. Visual analogue scale ratings ranging from 0-10 MTT quantified the MTT aspects of the intervention. Studies with rating scores >7.5 were included. We identified only 2 studies that examined the effectiveness of MTT. Both trials, one was of high quality, found MTT to decrease pain and improve function significantly better than therapy of uncertain effectiveness. There is moderate evidence that would support the effectiveness of MTT in the treatment chronic LBP. Future high quality RCT will have to clarify whether MTT is effective and would be superior to other forms of therapeutic exercise.

[Conservative treatment and rehabilitation in peripheral facial palsy]. / Physikalische Therapiemassnahmen bei peripherer Fazialisparese: Indikationen, Zeitpunkte und praktische Anwendungen.

Facial paralysis may be treated by physical therapies with different therapeutic strategies and devices. Exercise therapy, electrotherapy, massage, lymph-drainage, biofeedback therapy are applied. Therapeutic strategies are based on the course of disease. It may be assumed that paralysis in moderate and moderate to severe courses of disease in acute lesions, moreover in chronic partial lesions and after gracilis muscle transplantation will benefit best from physical therapies. Course of disease depends on the degree of lesion, low-grade lesion will improve earlier and prognosis of motor recovery is good. To predict the course of disease in idiopathic facial paralysis nerve conduction studies can render valuable information by measuring the amplitude of the motor evoked potential in side to side comparison. In regard to scientific studies there is limited evidence that exercise therapy and biofeedback therapy improve the course of disease, motor performance recovers earlier and motor synkinesis are decreased. There is no evidence for electrotherapy to improve the course of disease nor to have any adverse effects. There is no relevant literature for massage and lymph-drainage in regard to facial paralysis. Every patient with facial paralysis--regardless to the degree of lesion--should receive a brochure with mimic exercises and instructions to support facial symmetry as basic intervention.

A goat mortality study in the southern North Island.

A study was undertaken to indicate the importance of different causes of death in goats and to investigate the management factors which influence these problems. Over a 15 month period, 324 dead goats were received from 67 farms in the Horowhenua, Wairarapa, Wanganui and Wellington regions. Although a wide range of diseases was encountered in the study, the major causes of mortality could be divided into 4 groups: problems directly related to management, microbial diseases, nematode parasitism, and trace element related deficiencies and toxicities. The highest proportion of deaths related directly to management problems and included deaths from hypothermia, mismothering, premature birth, ruminal acidosis, pregnancy toxaemia, trauma, and plant and chemical toxicities. In larger flocks, microbial diseases including Pasteurella pneumonia and yersiniosis were major problems. Deaths from nematode parasitism were predominantly observed in goats 12 months of age and older. White muscle disease (selenium/vitamin E deficiency) was the major trace element deficiency causing death in goats. The influence of factors including age of goat, flock size and management practices on the major causes of death are discussed.

Reinfection of bovine mammary glands following dry-cow antibiotic therapy.

Dry-cow antibiotic therapy (DCT) was administered to quarters with Staphylococcus aureus or streptococcal infections and the quarters were closely monitored for the presence of new or reactivated mammary infections throughout the dry period and the following lactation. Strains of S. aureus were characterized using a selection of biotyping tests to allow a comparison of S. aureus strains isolated before and after DCT. Cows with 3-4 quarters infected prior to DCT had a high susceptibility to reinfection in the following year. In contrast, for cows with 1-2 quarters infected prior to DCT and for heifers with no previous history of infection, the susceptibility to reinfection or new infection was very low. The majority of the S. aureus infections appearing in the lactation following DCT were due to S. aureus strains which differed from strains isolated prior to DCT, suggesting that these were new infections. Histopathological examination of quarters which had had recurrent S. aureus infections revealed lesions typical of chronic S. aureus mastitis, including extensive lobular fibrosis and atrophy.

Streptococcus pneumoniae septicaemia in an Angora goat kid.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium frequently associated with pneumonia in man, was isolated from the spleen, liver, lung and kidney of an Angora goat kid which had died suddenly. Signs of septicaemia were pronounced with widespread petechial haemorrhages on internal organs. Histologically, the spleen and liver were severely congested and necrotic changes were most marked in these organs. The goat kid had been reared as a household pet and the possibility that the goat kid had acquired the Str. pneumoniae from a human infection is discussed.

The effect of parainfluenza virus type 3 on the phagocytic cell response of the ovine lung to Pasteurella haemolytica.

Groups of Caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived lambs were inoculated by the intratracheal route with Pasteurella haemolytica 4 to 6 days after the inoculation of parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3). Some were killed immediately (0 h) and others 24 h later. Control groups were inoculated with PI3 alone, P. haemolytica alone or media alone. Pulmonary phagocytic cells, P. haemolytica and PI3 were recovered by pulmonary lavage. The phagocytes were separated into alveolar macrophage (AM) and neutrophil fractions by density gradient centrifugation and examined biochemically and microbiologically. Twenty-four hours after the inoculation of P. haemolytica bacterial proliferation to greater than 0 h levels had occurred in four of six animals inoculated with P. haemolytica alone, two of eight inoculated with P. haemolytica 4 days after PI3 and all of eight inoculated with P. haemolytica 6 days after PI3. Mean bacterial numbers in animals inoculated with P. haemolytica 6 days after PI3 and killed at 24 h (10(9.1 +/- 1.9)) were significantly higher than they were in the other two groups killed at this time (PI3 4 days, P. haemolytica 24 h, mean = 10(5.3 +/- 1.7); P. haemolytica alone 24 h, mean = 10(4.5 +/- 2.9)). Pneumonic lesions were also more severe in the first group. This defect in pulmonary clearance and increase in the severity of pneumonia in animals inoculated with P. haemolytica 6 days after PI3 coincided with a 1000-fold decrease in virus titres in the lung between Day 6 and Day 7 after virus inoculation and the first detectable evidence of the host's immune response. The virus infection resulted in a significant increase in the number of AM that could be recovered from the lung and an increase in the number of AM with cytoplasmic vacuolation. However, there was no difference in the total number of AM or the number of vacuolated AM between animals that controlled the P. haemolytica infection and those in which proliferation of P. haemolytica occurred. The inoculation of P. haemolytica resulted in a 100-fold increase in the number of neutrophils in the lavage fluid, but there were no differences between virus-infected and uninfected animals, nor was there a difference between animals that controlled the P. haemolytica infection and those that did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Experimental infection of sheep with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica.

A group of Caesarian-derived, colostrum-deprived lambs was inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with a virulent Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae isolate selected from ovine mammary studies and propagated in an ovine mammary gland. Other groups of lambs were inoculated with M. ovipneumoniae in combination with Pasteurella haemolytica type Al or P. haemolytica alone. The M. ovipneumoniae isolate alone did not induce any specific pneumonic lesions in the lambs and when combined with P. haemolytica type Al did not increase the severity of the P. haemolytica-type lesions. Fifty percent of lambs inoculated with P. haemolytica developed a purulent and exudative bronchopneumonia with pleurisy and high titres of P. haemolytica were recovered from these lesions.

Comparison of virulence of ovine respiratory mycoplasmas in the mouse mammary gland.

The virulence of isolates of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and M. arginini from pneumonic and unaffected ovine lungs was compared in a mouse mammary gland model. The isolates varied in their ability to induce a neutrophilic response in the mammary gland. A moderate to severe form of mastitis was induced by 3 M. ovipneumoniae isolates recovered from pneumonic lungs, while the remaining M. ovipneumoniae isolates from pneumonic lungs and those from unaffected lungs induced a very mild histopathological response. The severity of the mastitis could not be increased by the simultaneous inoculation of a mixture of 5 mycoplasma isolates. Mycoplasma arginini isolates induced only a very mild histopathological response despite having been isolated from pneumonic lungs. The finding that the 3 most virulent M. ovipneumoniae isolates were initially recovered from pneumonic ovine lungs suggested that these virulent isolates may contribute to ovine pneumonia. However, the isolation of M. ovipneumoniae from pneumonic ovine lungs does not necessarily imply that these organisms are the causal agents, since M. ovipneumoniae isolates may vary in virulence.

Comparison of footbathing treatments for ovine footrot using formalin or zinc sulphate.

A field trial was carried out to compare 3 topical treatments for ovine footrot. They were preliminary hoof paring with weekly footbathing either in 10% formalin, or in 10% zinc sulphate + 0.2% anionic surfactant ('Teepol'), or twice-weekly footbathing in the same zinc sulphate-surfactant mixture without hoof paring. Control sheep were not treated. Within 21 days, the number and severity of active lesions of footscald and footrot among treated sheep were substantially reduced by comparison with the controls; no significant differences were observed between treatments. Treatment effects were also comparable against mild footrot infection of the sole or heel region, hut in the more advanced lesions the healing response to paring and zinc footbathing was superior to that from paring and formalin footbathing (P<0.01). Twice-weekly footbathing in zinc-surfactant solution was effective in preventing new footrot infection. No chronic toxic effects attributable to zinc sulphate at a concentration of 10% were demonstrable in the hoof integument either clinically or histologically.

Failure of orally administered zinc to prevent experimentally induced footrot in sheep.

Two groups of adult Merino sheep, initially grazed on pasture, were dosed daily with zinc sulphate (1 mg Zn/kg LW) or zinc oxide (15 mg Zn/kg LW) for six and seven weeks, respectively. On the 18th day, both groups were transferred to indoor pens together with unmedicated control sheep, and five days later the feet of all animals were infected artificially with a virulent strain of Bacteroides nodosus. By the fourth week after challenge, 85% or more of the feet challenged had developed advanced footrot, and no significant differences in the incidence and severity of lesions between dosed and un-dosed groups were recorded. Plasma zinc concentrations, monitored throughout the experiment, remained at similar levels in sheep receiving the lower dose rate and in the controls. At the higher dose rate, plasma zinc levels increased till Day 23, but thereafter declined to values comparable to those of undosed animals. At post mortem, no evidence of zinc toxicosis was found, and only the kidneys of sheep receiving the higher dosage showed a significant accumulation of zinc compared with the controls.

Oat cells in the pathology of ovine pneumonia-pleurisy.

Light microscope observations on oat cells in the ovine pneumonia-pleurisy complex are presented. This study is based on the experimental production of the disease by viruses and Pasteurella haemolytica. Oat cells appeared only in necrotic lesions associated with large numbers of P. haemolytica in the pneumonic lung. It is suggested that oat cells originate from blood monocytes, which transform into the oat shape when developing in the necrotic, hypoxic environment created by P. haemolytica. They were not, however, observed to be phagocytic. Oat cells are characteristic of pneumonic pasteurellosis but are not pathognomonic because they can also be found in extrapulmonary locations and in other pathological conditions of the lungs.

Microscopic and ultramicroscopic alterations of the respiratory mucous membrane in experimentally provoked bronchitis.

The noses of four experimental dogs were surgically obstructed, and thus their entire respiration was disturbed, and this affected the mucous membranes of the lower respiratory passages. Normal histological examinations and electronic microscopy found chronic irritation of the bronchial mucous membranes. It was possible histologically to follow the most subtile alterations on the membranes from the very beginning of the chronic bronchitis. The importance of nasal obstruction as a contributing factor of chronic bronchitis is stressed.