[Impact of vacuum-assisted closure management in deep neck abscesses]. / Impacto del manejo con cierre asistido al vacío en abscesos profundos de cuello.

BACKGROUND: The presence of deep neck abscesses is potentially serious; they can lead to death in a short period of time. The vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C.) therapy has been used in many areas of surgery for complex wound healing. This treatment modality has recently been considered in the field of head and neck surgery. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of healing therapy using V.A.C. therapy in deep neck abscesses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Open-label trial. Patients with deep neck abscesses were included using V.A.C. therapy versus conventional therapy. Cultures were taken before and during surgery, and prior to primary wound closure. The percentages of healing, viable tissue, wound healing time, and hospital stay were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients were included. Affected neck spaces: submaxilar 29%, parapharyngeal 22%, submental 21% and masticatory 13%. The final postsurgical culture was negative in 78%. Viable tissue of the wound for the V.A.C. group was 42%, and for the control group was 36% (p=0.025). Healing time was 22±6 days and 38±15.5, respectively (p = 0.01). The mean number of hospital stay was 12 days for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with V.A.C. is useful in the treatment of deep neck abscesses; it decreased healing time as a result of more viable tissue allowing suture closure of the wound in a shorter period.

[Hepatic angiosarcoma and liver transplantation: case report and literature review]. / Angiosarcoma hepático y trasplante hepático: reporte de caso y revisión de bibliografía.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare vascular malignancy that accounts for 2% of all hepatic primary tumours. The diagnosis is difficult, especially if the patient does not have history of exposure to carcinogens, which are considered as risk factors. The diagnosis is made by histopathology, but in a considerable percentage it can only be accomplished by autopsy. The performing of fine needle aspiration biopsy can lead to bleeding, with limitations in its use. CLINICAL CASE: A 41 year-old male, with no history of exposure to carcinogens, who developed abdominal pain secondary to a haemoperitoneum due to tumour rupture, was diagnosed by imaging methods with a giant cavernous hepatic haemangioma. He was initially treated with embolisation, and later with a liver transplant. After six months he developed haemoptysis secondary to lung metastasis. The autopsy reported metastatic hepatic angiosarcoma. DISCUSSION: This condition has been related to carcinogen exposure, with malignant transformation from a benign vascular neoplasia being proposed as a hypothesis. The differential diagnosis can be achieved with imaging studies such as CT scan, and the definitive diagnosis is made by histopathology with immunohistochemistry tests, with 35%-100% being made in the autopsy. CONCLUSION: Hepatic angiosarcoma is a malignant vascular neoplasia, the potential curative option is surgery with tumour free margins. Liver transplantation remains controversial because of its poor prognosis in the short term.

[Allogeneic parathyroid: 2-year follow-up]. / Alotrasplante de paratiroides: seguimiento a 2 años.

BACKGROUND: Hypoparathyroidism is one of the most frequent complications of neck surgery. The treatment is currently medical; however this involves several complications secondary to high doses of calcium and vitamin D, thus making parathyroid allotransplantation a good management option. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with hypoparathyroidism were selected in the April-December period of 2011 in the general surgical clinic. They were between 16 and 65 years, and ingested high doses of calcium. The donors were patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the transplants were performed in relation to blood group and human leucocyte antigen. RESULTS: Five parathyroid allografts were performed. All the patients had iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism, all women with a mean age of 49.8 years. The graft was implanted under local anaesthesia in the non-dominant forearm. Four of the patients are so far considered functional due to the increase in paratohormone, and demonstrating its function by scintigraphy with sestamibi. One of the patients showed no increase in paratohormone or imaging studies that demonstrate its functionality. After a two year follow up the graft remains functional but with with oral calcium intake at a lower dose than before transplantation. None of the patients had immunosuppression side effects. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, allogeneic unrelated living parathyroid transplant with an immunosuppressive regimen of six months has proven to be a safe alternative treatment to improve quality of life by decreasing the excessive calcium intake and improving physical activity with adequate graft survival at 24 months follow up.

Toll-like receptor-1 and receptor-2 and Beta-defensin in postcholecystectomy bile duct injury.

Postcholecystectomy bile duct injuries (BDI) produce hepatic cholestasis and cause infection of the biliary tract. The biliary cells participate in secreting cytokines and in expression of immune response receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) conduct signalling and activate the innate and adaptive inflammatory response. The objective was to determine the serum levels of TLR-2 and the expression of TLR-1 and TLR-2 and ß-defensin in liver biopsies of postcholecystectomy BDI patients. A transverse, analytical study with 2 groups was done. One group included healthy volunteers (control group) and other included 25 postcholecystectomy BDI patients with complete biliary obstruction. Using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique, serum levels of TLR-2 were determined, and with immunofluorescence the morphologic analysis of TLR-1 and TLR-2 and ß-defensin in liver biopsies of postcholecystectomy BDI patients was performed. The average TLR-2 serum level in the control group was 0.0 pg/mL and in the BDI group, 0.023 ± 0.0045 pg/mL (P < 0.0001, bilateral Mann Whitney U). Immunofluorescence was used to determine the expression in liver biopsies, blood vessels, bile ducts, and hepatic parenchyma where 12 hepatic biopsies were positive for TLR-1 with average of 3213057.74 ± 1071019.25 µm(2); and 7 biopsies were positive for ß-defensin with an average of 730364.33 ± 210838.02 µm(2); and 6 biopsies positive for TLR-2, obtaining an average of 3354364.24 ± 838591.06 µm(2). In conclusion, TLR-1 and TLR-2 and ß-defensin play an important role in the innate antimicrobial defense of the hepatobiliary system.

Effect of necrosectomy and vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers in severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether necrosectomy, alone or combined with vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), has any additional beneficial effects on mitochondrial function and/or oxidative stress markers in SAP. METHODS: Patients with SAP, APACHE II score > 8, and inadequate response to management in an intensive care unit were included in a prospective observational study. Sixteen underwent necrosectomy and 24 underwent necrosectomy plus VAC every 48 h. Patients were then categorized as survivors or deceased. Submitochondrial membrane fluidity of platelets and F0F1-ATPase hydrolysis were measured to represent mitochondrial function. Oxidative/nitrosative stress was measured using lipoperoxides (LPOs), nitric oxide (NO), erythrocyte membrane fluidity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). RESULTS: Membrane fluidity in submitochondrial particles of platelets remained significantly increased throughout the study, and then eventually rised in deceased patients managed with necrosectomy + VAC vs. survivors (p < 0.041). Hydrolysis was significantly increased from baseline to endpoint in all patients, predominating in those who died after management with necrosectomy (p < 0.03). LPO increased in all patients, and necrosectomy was more efficient for the eventual decrease in survivors (p < 0.039). NO was found to be increased for the baseline-endpoint result among both survivors and deceased patients with both management options. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity was increased in survivors managed with necrosectomy + VAC, and eventually returned to normal (p < 0.045). TAC was found to be consumed in all patients for the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative/ nitrosative stress with significant systemic antioxidant consumption were found. Necrosectomy was more efficient and better cleared LPOs. Necrosectomy + VAC improved erythrocyte membrane fluidity and increased survival.

Efecto de la necrosectomía y el sistema de cierre asistido al vacío (VAC) sobre función mitocondrial y marcadores de estrés oxidativo en pancreatitis aguda severa / Effect of necrosectomy and vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers in severe acute pancreatitis

Antecedentes: la pancreatitis aguda severa (PAS) se asocia con alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: evaluar si la necrosectomía sola o necrosectomía + el sistema de cierre al vacío (VAC), ofrece efectos favorables adicionales en la función mitocondrial y/o marcadores de estrés oxidativo en PAS. Métodos: mediante un estudio observacional prospectivo, se incluyeron pacientes con PAS y APACHE II > 8 sin respuesta satisfactoria al manejo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Dieciséis pacientes se sometieron a necrosectomía y 24 a necrosectomía + VAC cada 48 h. Se dividieron en sobrevivientes y fallecidos. Se determinó la fluidez de la membrana submitocondrial de las plaquetas y la hidrólisis de la F0F1-ATPasa como función mitocondrial. El estrés oxidativo/nitrosativo se midió mediante lipoperóxidos (LPO), óxido nítrico (ON), fluidez de la membrana de eritrocitos y capacidad antioxidante total (CAT). Resultados: la fluidez de membrana de partículas submitocondriales de plaquetas se mantuvo incrementada significativamente durante todo el estudio y aumentó al final en los fallecidos tratados con necrosectomía + VAC vs. los sobrevivientes (p < 0,041). La hidrólisis se encontró significativamente elevada desde el inicio hasta el final en todos los pacientes, predominando en los que fallecieron tratados con necrosectomía (p < 0,03). Hubo aumento de LPO en todos los pacientes aunque la necrosectomía fue más eficaz en la disminución al final en sobrevivientes (p < 0,039). El ON se encontró incrementado durante el resultado basal-final en sobrevivientes y fallecidos en ambas alternativas de tratamiento. La fluidez de la membrana de eritrocitos se encontró incrementada en los sobrevivientes tratados con necrosectomía + VAC y se normalizó al final (p < 0,045). La CAT se encontró consumida en todos los pacientes durante todo el estudio. Conclusiones: se encontró disfunción mitocondrial y estrés oxidativo/nitrosativo con consumo importante de los antioxidantes sistémicos. La necrosectomía fue más eficiente al eliminar mejor los LPO. La necrosectomía + VAC mejoró la fluidez de la membrana de eritrocitos e incrementó la sobrevida (AU)

Background: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate whether necrosectomy, alone or combined with vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), has any additional beneficial effects on mitochondrial function and/or oxidative stress markers in SAP. Methods: Patients with SAP, APACHE II score > 8, and inadequate response to management in an intensive care unit were included in a prospective observational study. Sixteen underwent necrosectomy and 24 underwent necrosectomy plus VAC every 48 h. Patients were then categorized as survivors or deceased. Submitochondrial membrane fluidity of platelets and F0F1-ATPase hydrolysis were measured to represent mitochondrial function. Oxidative/nitrosative stress was measured using lipoperoxides (LPOs), nitric oxide (NO), erythrocyte membrane fluidity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Results: Membrane fluidity in submitochondrial particles of platelets remained significantly increased throughout the study, and then eventually rised in deceased patients managed with necrosectomy + VAC vs. survivors (p < 0.041). Hydrolysis was significantly increased from baseline to endpoint in all patients, predominating in those who died after management with necrosectomy (p < 0.03). LPO increased in all patients, and necrosectomy was more efficient for the eventual decrease in survivors (p < 0.039). NO was found to be increased for the baseline-endpoint result among both survivors and deceased patients with both management options. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity was increased in survivors managed with necrosectomy + VAC, and eventually returned to normal (p < 0.045). TAC was found to be consumed in all patients for the duration of the study. Conclusions: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative/ nitrosative stress with significant systemic antioxidant consumption were found. Necrosectomy was more efficient and better cleared LPOs. Necrosectomy + VAC improved erythrocyte membrane fluidity and increased survival (AU)

[Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas]. / Neoplasias quísticas pancreáticas.

BACKGROUND: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas represent between 5% and 10% of all pancreatic tumors. Due to their malignant potential, surgery is indicated. Because of the uncommon nature of this pathology, the aim of this study was to present a series of six patients who were operated on for a cystic tumor and to analyze the morphological characteristics, surgical experience and follow-up. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Clinical files were studied, as well as surgical and pathological registries from patients diagnosed with cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Five females and one male were included with a mean age of 54 +/- 15 years. The main symptom was abdominal pain. RESULTS: Clinical course and CT scan results were the criteria for suspecting the diagnosis. In 4/6 patients, the tumor was located within the body and tail of the pancreas. The most frequent intervention was distal pancreatectomy. There was no mediate operative mortality in a 30-day period. Histopathological diagnoses were three serum cystadenomas, two mucinous cystadenomas and one cystadenocarcinoma. After a 4-year follow-up, no tumor recurrences have been reported in the surviving patients. CONCLUSIONS: The natural history of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas is generally benign, but complications may occur by direct invasion of neighboring structures. Clinical course, tomography, pancreatography and punction are fundamental for its treatment.

[Association between wound size after open cholecystectomy with severity of iatrogenic biliary tract lesions]. / Efecto del tamaño de la incisión en la gravedad de la lesin de la vía biliar iatrogénica posterior a colecistectomía abierta.

BACKGROUND: Transoperative biliary tract injury during open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a catastrophic event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to determine if wound size during open cholecystectomy is associated with more complex biliary tract injuries. METHODS: Prospective cohort study performed between March 2006 and February 2007. Sixty-six patients with biliary tract injuries after open cholecystectomy were included. Wound size was analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty six patients were included, 70% were female with a median age of 44. Seventy four percent were treated for acute cholecystitis. Most participants were overweight or had various degrees of obesity. Biliary tract injuries were not recognized during the primary surgical procedure in 76% of cases. All patients with severe biliary tract injuries (Strasberg E-3 and E-4) had a wound size less than 10 cm in length. Wound size was associated with unrecognized injuries (p=0.000), as well as with injury severity (p=0.000). We were notable to demonstrate a statistically significant association between biliary tract injuries and elective or emergency surgical procedures and midline or subcostal surgical incision for cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that minor surgical access during open cholecystectomy may constitute a risk factor since smaller incisions were associated with more severe biliary tract injuries and an inability to observe this damage during the surgical procedure. We suggest to adhere strictly to the guidelines of an adequate surgical exposure during open cholecystectomy to prevent biliary tract injuries.

Neoplasias quísticas pancreáticas / Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas

BACKGROUND: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas represent between 5% and 10% of all pancreatic tumors. Due to their malignant potential, surgery is indicated. Because of the uncommon nature of this pathology, the aim of this study was to present a series of six patients who were operated on for a cystic tumor and to analyze the morphological characteristics, surgical experience and follow-up. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Clinical files were studied, as well as surgical and pathological registries from patients diagnosed with cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Five females and one male were included with a mean age of 54 +/- 15 years. The main symptom was abdominal pain. RESULTS: Clinical course and CT scan results were the criteria for suspecting the diagnosis. In 4/6 patients, the tumor was located within the body and tail of the pancreas. The most frequent intervention was distal pancreatectomy. There was no mediate operative mortality in a 30-day period. Histopathological diagnoses were three serum cystadenomas, two mucinous cystadenomas and one cystadenocarcinoma. After a 4-year follow-up, no tumor recurrences have been reported in the surviving patients. CONCLUSIONS: The natural history of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas is generally benign, but complications may occur by direct invasion of neighboring structures. Clinical course, tomography, pancreatography and punction are fundamental for its treatment.

L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases infectious morbidity rate in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: The effect of parenteral GLN on recovery from severe acute pancreatitis has not been thoroughly investigated. The aims of this study were to determine whether parenteral GLN improves nutrition status and immune function, and to determine its ability to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with this condition. METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with severe acute pancreatitis were randomly assigned to receive either standard PN (n = 22) or l-alanyl-l-glutamine-supplemented PN (n = 22) after hospital admission. Nitrogen balance, counts of leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and CD4 and CD8 subpopulations, and serum levels of immunoglobulin A, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein, and serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were measured on days 0, 5, and 10. Hospital stay, infectious morbidity, and mortality were also evaluated. RESULTS: Demographics, laboratory characteristics, and pancreatitis etiology and severity at entry to the study were similar between groups. The study group exhibited significant increases in serum IL-10 levels, total lymphocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts, and albumin serum levels. Nitrogen balance also improved to positive levels in the study group and remained negative in the control group. Infectious morbidity was more frequent in the control group than in the study group. The duration of hospital stay was similar between groups, as was mortality. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that treatment of patients with GLN-supplemented PN may decrease infectious morbidity rate compared with those who treated with nonenriched PN.

Efecto del tamaño de la incisión en la gravedad de la lesin de la vía biliar iatrogénica posterior a colecistectomía abierta / Association between wound size after open cholecystectomy with severity of iatrogenic biliary tract lesions

Antecedentes: La lesión transoperatoria de la vía biliar durante la colecistectomía abierta y laparoscópica es un evento catastrófico que se asocia con morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. El objetivo fue documentar si el tamaño de la incisión en colecistectomía abierta está asociado a lesiones más complejas de la vía biliar. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo de marzo de 2006 a febrero de 2007. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes con lesiones de la vía biliar posterior a colecistectomía abierta. Se analizó el tamaño de la incisión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 66 pacientes, 70% del sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 44 años. El 70% fue tratado por colecistitis aguda. La mayoría tuvo sobrepeso o sufría diferentes grados de obesidad. En 76% de los casos, la lesión no fue advertida durante el procedimiento quirúrgico primario. Todos los pacientes con lesión de vía biliar grave (Strasberg E-3 y E-4) tuvieron incisiones menores a 10 cm de longitud. El tamaño de la incisión se asoció con lesiones inadvertidas (p=0.000), así como con el grado de lesión (p=0.000). No pudo demostrarse asociación estadísticamente significativa entre lesiones de la vía biliar y colecistectomía electiva o urgente, e incisión quirúrgica media o subcostal para la colecistectomía. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el acceso quirúrgico menor durante la colecistectomía abierta puede ser un factor de riesgo, ya que incisiones pequeñas se asociaron con lesiones de la vía biliar más graves e imposibilidad para reconocer este daño durante el procedimiento. Sugerimos cumplir estrictamente los principios quirúrgicos de una adecuada exposición durante la colecistectomía abierta como medida para prevenir lesiones de la vía biliar.

BACKGROUND: Transoperative biliary tract injury during open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a catastrophic event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to determine if wound size during open cholecystectomy is associated with more complex biliary tract injuries. METHODS: Prospective cohort study performed between March 2006 and February 2007. Sixty-six patients with biliary tract injuries after open cholecystectomy were included. Wound size was analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty six patients were included, 70% were female with a median age of 44. Seventy four percent were treated for acute cholecystitis. Most participants were overweight or had various degrees of obesity. Biliary tract injuries were not recognized during the primary surgical procedure in 76% of cases. All patients with severe biliary tract injuries (Strasberg E-3 and E-4) had a wound size less than 10 cm in length. Wound size was associated with unrecognized injuries (p=0.000), as well as with injury severity (p=0.000). We were notable to demonstrate a statistically significant association between biliary tract injuries and elective or emergency surgical procedures and midline or subcostal surgical incision for cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that minor surgical access during open cholecystectomy may constitute a risk factor since smaller incisions were associated with more severe biliary tract injuries and an inability to observe this damage during the surgical procedure. We suggest to adhere strictly to the guidelines of an adequate surgical exposure during open cholecystectomy to prevent biliary tract injuries.

Síndrome de vaciamiento rápido en pacientes sometidos a resección gástrica / Dumping syndrome in patients submitted to gastric resection

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to establish the incidence of dumping syndrome after partial or total gastric resection and its association with patient's preoperative nutritional status as well as the clinical behavior with dietary management during a short-term follow-up period. METHODS: This was a prospective study of consecutive patients >30 years of age and who were submitted to gastrectomy for gastric cancer or complicated ulceropeptic disease during a 48-month period in a highly specialized hospital. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients were evaluated with a slight female predominance (n = 22, 52.4%). Twenty-nine cases (69%) had subtotal gastrectomy and 13 (31%) had a total gastrectomy. Patients had a medium age of 54.38 +/- 7.56 vs. 66 +/- 13.99 years, respectively (p = 0.034). Reconstruction techniques were Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy in 70% and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy in 28.5%. We found dumping syndrome in 45% of the cases associated with acute or chronic undernutrition (p = 0.003). Fifty-three percent of the patients with dumping syndrome improved with adequate dietetic manipulation during a follow-up period of 211 days. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of reconstructions were performed with dysfunctionalized small bowel segments, the incidence of dumping syndrome was 45%. Patient's preoperative nutritional status influenced the presence of clinical manifestations. Adequate dietary management reduced, in 53% of the patients, the presence of dumping symptoms during a short-term follow-up period.

[Dumping syndrome in patients submitted to gastric resection]. / Síndrome de vaciamiento rápido en pacientes sometidos a resección gástrica.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to establish the incidence of dumping syndrome after partial or total gastric resection and its association with patient's preoperative nutritional status as well as the clinical behavior with dietary management during a short-term follow-up period. METHODS: This was a prospective study of consecutive patients >30 years of age and who were submitted to gastrectomy for gastric cancer or complicated ulceropeptic disease during a 48-month period in a highly specialized hospital. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients were evaluated with a slight female predominance (n = 22, 52.4%). Twenty-nine cases (69%) had subtotal gastrectomy and 13 (31%) had a total gastrectomy. Patients had a medium age of 54.38 +/- 7.56 vs. 66 +/- 13.99 years, respectively (p = 0.034). Reconstruction techniques were Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy in 70% and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy in 28.5%. We found dumping syndrome in 45% of the cases associated with acute or chronic undernutrition (p = 0.003). Fifty-three percent of the patients with dumping syndrome improved with adequate dietetic manipulation during a follow-up period of 211 days. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of reconstructions were performed with dysfunctionalized small bowel segments, the incidence of dumping syndrome was 45%. Patient's preoperative nutritional status influenced the presence of clinical manifestations. Adequate dietary management reduced, in 53% of the patients, the presence of dumping symptoms during a short-term follow-up period.

[The role of long-acting release (LAR) depot octreotide as adjuvant management of short bowel disease]. / Papel de la octreotida LAR en el manejo adyuvante de pacientes con síndrome de intestino corto.

INTRODUCTION: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) comprises sequelaes of nutrient, fluid, and weight loss that occur subsequent to greatly reduced functional surface area of small intestine. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in patients with SBS is often difficult; additional intravenous (i.v.) fluid and electrolytes are often required to cover unabsorbed secretory losses. The recent development of the synthetic long-acting release (LAR) depot octapeptide analog, octreotide, has rendered somatostatin therapy a practical alternative in patients with SBS who have become entrapped in a vicious cycle with chronic dehydration, thirst, and excessive fluid or food consumption. METHODS: During an 8-month period, adult patients of either sex with SBS and total parental nutrition (TPN) dependent on III adaptation intestinal phase were included in a prospective, open-label study. We used single-subject research. Patients were divided into two groups: intestinal reinstated patients, group A (n = 6), and patients with high stomal output, group B (n = 4). Octreotide depot (20 mg intramuscularly [i.m.] at 0-8 months) was administered. Baseline and post-treatment measurements of nutritional status and stool losses were analyzed. RESULTS: Treatment with octreotide depot significantly reduced intestinal output (group A, p = 0.002, group B, p = 0.823), hospital stay, i.v. fluid and electrolyte requirements, in 80% TPN was not required. CONCLUSIONS: Octreotide depot is effective in diminishing i.v. fluid and electrolyte requirements by reducing stool losses in SBS patients. Multicenter studies with control group and larger sample size are required.

[Complications of the management of secondary peritonitis with contained-open abdomen. Comparison of the Bogota's bag vs polypropylene mesh]. / Complicaciones del manejo de la peritonitis secundaria con abdomen abierto contenido. Comparación de la "bolsa" de Bogotá versus malla de polipropileno.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is the cornerstone regarding the treatment of secondary peritonitis, although the complications of the contained-open abdomen are common, and are usually severe. OBJECTIVES: To identify the complications with the use of the "Bogotá's bag" compared with polypropylene mesh in contained-open abdomen. To identify other possible morbidity and mortality risk factors, independently of the mesh type usage. METHODS: One hundred patients with secondary peritonitis were included in this retrospective cohort study. They were treated from January 2000 to March 2002. Fifty subjects were operated on with the "Bogota's bag " (50%) and 50 with the polypropylene mesh (50%). Mannheim's peritonitis severity index, complications and mortality using central tendency and dispersion means, the logistic regression analysis, prevalence and prevalence-ratios were analyzed. RESULTS: Most frequent etiologies of secondary peritonitis were intestinal anastomosis dehiscence, hollow viscera perforation, and severe pancreatitis. Observed complications were: perforation and intestinal fistula in 13 cases (13%); 10 (20%) out of these belonged to the polypropylene mesh group, and 3 (6%) to the Bogota's bag group (p = 0.036). Evisceration was observed in 8 cases (8%); 2 (4%) in the polypropylene mesh group, and 6 (12%) in the Bogota's bag group (p = 0.140). Hemorrhage was present in 30 cases (30%); 16 (32%) in the polypropylene mesh group, and 14 (28%) in the Bogota's bag group (p = 0.662). Colonization was present in 24 cases (24%); and this was mainly evident in the polypropylene mesh group (p = 0.019). Mortality reached 42% (42 cases), and was associated to postoperative bleeding (p = 0.004), peritonitis' severity (p = 0.0012), and surgical reinterventions. CONCLUSIONS: The contained-open abdomen is the best surgical option to treat infection and the compartmental abdominal syndrome in secondary peritonitis, however, complications may be relevant. These results demonstrated a direct relationship between peritonitis severity, the need for surgical re-interventions and mortality. The use of polypropylene mesh was related to an increased risk of intestinal fistulization and prothesis-associated infection.

Operación de Hartmann: experiencia institucional de 92 casos consecutivos / Hartmann's procedure: institutional experience of 92 consecutive cases

Antecedentes: desde su descripción en 1923, el procedimiento de Hartmann es ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento quirúrgico de complicaciones agudas del colon izquierdo, cuando no es posible realizar lavado mecánico preoperatorio y/o cuando Objetivo: analizar los resultados de la operación de Hartmann en el tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes consecutivos en una misma institución, durante un intervalo de 30 meses.existe alta posibilidad de dehiscencia anastomótica.Tipo de estudio: prospectivo, no al azar y longitudinal.Material y métodos: pacientes tratados mediante procedimiento de Hartmann entre marzo de 1995 y septiembre de 1998. Se realizó análisis de indicación del procedimiento, hallazgos transoperatorios, morbilidad y mortalidad, así como la frecuencia de reversión con reinstalación de la continuidad intestinal y su morbimortalidad.Resultados: se sometieron al procedimiento de Hartmann 92 pacientes. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 60 + 25 años (margen de 21 a 88 años) y 60 por ciento superaba los 65 años de edad. El procedimiento fue de urgencia en 91 por ciento de los casos. Los pacientes presentaban en su mayoría sepsis intraabdominal (56 por ciento) y patología colónica benigna (83 por ciento). Se detectó morbilidad de 34 por ciento y mortalidad de 19 por ciento. Durante el seguimiento se restauró la continuidad intestinal en 32 por ciento de los casos sin ocurrir fatalidades.Conclusiones: el procedimiento de Hartmann es buena opción para el tratamiento quirúrgico no electivo de patología rectosigmoidea complicada. La morbilidad y la mortalidad de la operación depende en gran medida del grado de sepsis preoperatoria y de la condición preexiste del paciente. La baja tasa de restauración en la continuidad intestinal probablemente se debe a un corto tiempo de seguimiento

Análisis comparativo entre reinstalar la vía oral en el postoperatorio con dieta blanda o líquidos claros / Comparative analysis between soft diet or clear liquids when oral intake is resumed in the postoperative period

Antecedentes. La reinstalación de la vía oral en pacientes que se han sometido a cirugía intraabdominal tradicionalmente ha sido progresiva y paso a paso empezando con líquidos claros, dieta líquida y después de una tolerancia adecuada dieta blanda. Objetivo. Determinar si la reinstalación de la vía oral con dieta blanda como primer alimento en el postoperatorio aporta beneficios en cuanto a que no resulte perjudicial para el paciente y reduzca el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Tipo de estudio. Prospectivo, de asignación al azar y abierto conducido entre octubre de 1996 a mayo de 1997. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años operados en forma electiva o urgente en quienes se realizó cirugía abdominopélvica a excepción de: -Cirugía bariátrica, esofágica, piloroplastia, resección pancreatoduodenal, cirugía laparoscópica y pacientes con apoyo ventilatorio o con nutrición enteral o parenteral. Una vez resuelto el íleo postoperatorio fueron asignados a recibir dieta blanda (grupo 1) o líquidos claros (grupos 2). Se evaluó la tolerancia a la dieta, aporte calórico proteico, estancia y costo hospitalario. Resultados y mediciones: El grupo 1 lo conformaron 63 pacientes y el grupo 2 por 69 pacientes. No hubo diferencia entre el sexo, edad, tipo de cirugía (electiva o urgente) y tipo de patología. El 96.6 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo 1 y el 96.9 por ciento de los del grupo 2 toleraron la dieta, sólo dos casos en cada grupo requirieron suspención. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 2.6 ñ 2.0 días en el grupo 1 contra 3.4 ñ 2.6 en el grupo 2 (P=<0.005), el costo del periodo de estancia posterior al inicio de la vía oral fue de 2726.1 ñ 2107 pesos en el grupo 1 contra 3547 ñ 2690 en el grupo 2 (P=<0.005), la ingesta calórica y proteica fue del 1307 ñ 523 Kcal con 55.9 ñ 23.9 g/proteínas en el grupo 1 contra 651 ñ 204 Kcals y 0 g/proteínas en el grupo 2 (P=0.0001). Conclusiones. No se encontró diferencia ni efectos adversos con el empleo de dieta blanda como primer alimento. La estancia y costo hospitalario se reducen en forma significativa y el aporte calórico proteico fue mayor en el grupo 1. Estos resultados sugieren que el uso rutinario de líquidos claros como primer alimento en el postoperatorio pueden ser innecesario y nutricionalmente subóptimo cuando se compara con dieta blanda

Análisis de factores de riesgo para morbi mortalidad en pacientes mayores de 80 años de edad tratados por patología quirúrgica electiva o de urgencia / Analysis of risk factors for morbidity and mortality in patients aged over 80 years coursing with pathologies secondary to elective or emergency surgery

Objetivo. Evaluar en un grupo de pacientes de más de 80 años de edad, sometidos a cirugía mayor, los factores de riesgo que pudieran incidir en la morbimortalidad. Diseño. Estudio prospectivo, observacional, longitudinal y descriptivo inferencial conducido entre septiembre de 1995 y septiembre de 1996. Sede. Hospital de tercer nivel de atención (especialidades). Pacientes y métodos. El grupo 1 estuvo constituido por 20 pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos, el grupo 2 estuvo conformado por 60 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de urgencia. Evaluamos las siguientes variables: Edad, sexo, tipo de cirugía, condición física (clasificación de ASA), estimación general del índice de riesgo cardiaco (Clasificación Goldman), condición nutricional, problemas clínicos asociados, condiciones hemodinámicas preoperatorias, complicaciones postoperatorias (médicas y quirúrgicas) y mortalidad. Análisis estadístico. Prueba de chi cuadrada, prueba exacta de Fisher y se estimaron el riesgo relativo (RR) e intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95 por ciento. La mortalidad fue del 20 y 48 por ciento en los grupos 1 y 2 respectivamente. Las causas más frecuentes de muerte fueron falla orgánica múltiple e insuficiencia respiratoria. Conclusiones. Los pacientes más ancianos tienen múltiples factores en su contra, no sólo por la edad, los pacientes del sexo masculino tuvieron más tendencia a la morbi-mortalidad, los problemas clínicos asociados reducen las condiciones generales de salud y la reserva cardiopulmonar. La cirugía de urgencia, la presencia de hipoalbuminemia y la hipotensión transoperatoria también inducen mayor morbi-mortalidad. Es necesario identificar aquellos pacientes con factores de riesgo que puedan ser corregidos antes de la cirugía, aquellos pacientes con cuadros agudos se lese debe dar consideraciones especiales y evitar la hipotensión transoperatoria

Experiencia de 10 años en el tratamiento quirúrgico del hiperparatiroidismo primario en el Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente / Ten-year experience in the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in the Hospital de Especialidades del Cedntro Médico Nacional de Occidente

Se analizaron 91 expedientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP), que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico en el periodo comprendido de enero de 1980 a marzo de 1990. Del total de pacientes, 17 fueron hombres (18 por ciento) y 74 mujeres (82 por ciento) con una relación H/M de 1 a 4. Las edades extremas fueron de 17 a 72 años con una media de 47.1. La sintomatología que con mayor frecuencia se observó fue la siguiente: litiasis renoureteral recidivanate 75 por ciento, fraturas óseas patológicas en 7.5 por ciento, mialgias y artralgias en 7.5 por cinto. A todos los pacientes se les realizó determinación de calcio y fósforo sérico, se encontró calcio por arriba de 12 mgs en 89 por ciento y fósforo bajo en 63.7 pacientes. Se realizaron un total de 91 procedimientos quirúrgicos, cinco de ellos requirieron re-intervención por permanecer con el calcio sérico elevado. El resultado histopatológico de las piezas resecadas fue de adenoma en 93 por ciento de los enfermos, hiperplasia en 4.2 por ciento y carcinoma en 2.8 por ciento; la localización más frecuente de los adenomas encontrados fue en la glándula inferior izquierda (34.8 por ciento, seguida de la inferior derecha (30.3 por ciento). Las complicaciones registradas en el post-operatorio fueron: hipocalcemia transitoria en 6 pacientes y lesion del nervo laringeo recurrente en uno. La mortalidad operatoria fue de cero.