Evaluation of the interrelated effects of slaughtering, drying, and defatting methods on the composition and properties of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae fat.

The interrelated effect of different slaughtering, drying and defatting methods of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on the lipid composition and properties of the fat was studied. Blanching and freezing were compared as slaughtering methods, oven or freeze-drying as drying methods, and mechanical pressing or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as defatting methods. The different modes of slaughtering, drying, and defatting, along with both binary and ternary interactions caused significant effects on processes yields, lipid composition, moisture content and thermal properties. Thus, considering the defatting degree and the yield in total valued products (defatted meal plus fat), the combination of blanching, freeze-drying plus mechanical pressing was the worst option (51.2% and 87.5%, respectively). In contrast, the other combinations demonstrated better and comparable efficiency, although SFE is preferable for defatting (83.2% and 96.9%, respectively). The content of major fatty acids (lauric, palmitic and myristic acids) was significantly affected by the BSFL treatments, although with unsignificant impact on the total saturated fatty acids content. To preserve the integrity of the fat, the combination of blanching and oven-drying was preferred, as non-thermal methods of slaughtering and drying caused intense lipolysis, releasing free fatty acids (FFA) in the range of 18.6-23.5%. To achieve the lowest moisture content in the fats (≤0.1%), oven-drying with mechanical pressing were desired, regardless of the slaughtering method; while values > 1% were reached for freezing, freeze-drying and SFE. Both differences in FFA and moisture contents caused different thermal behaviors in the samples. Specially, the melting temperature was lower for samples with higher FFA and moisture contents, with a notable difference when freezing, freeze-drying and SFE were combined (14.5 °C vs 30.6 °C, as the mean value for the rest of samples). The different modes of processing did not affect the minor lipid compounds. Therefore, the modes employed for slaughtering, drying, and defatting of BSFL determine, either individually or in combination, the process yields, composition, and properties of the fat.

Self-Efficacy and Well-Being in Professionals Working in Intimate Partner Violence: Recovery Experiences and Burnout as Associated Variables.

The negative consequences of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are observed not only in the victims but also in the professionals who work in this field. Self-efficacy has been observed as a significant variable in the perception of work efficiency and general well-being, and in coping with work-related stress and burnout syndrome. Thus, we performed a correlational study (N = 200) to examine the mediating role of recovery experiences and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between self-efficacy and psychological well-being in these professionals. The mediating analyses revealed that self-efficacy was related to higher levels of well-being through its effects on the increase in recovery experiences and the decrease in burnout levels. These findings emphasize the need to develop intervention programs aimed at improving self-efficacy these professionals. This is necessary to improve their employment situations, increase their health, and optimize both institutional resources and the quality of the services offered.

The Interaction of Slaughtering, Drying, and Defatting Methods Differently Affects Oxidative Quality of the Fat from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae.

The interrelation effect of slaughtering, drying, and defatting methods of BSFL on the oxidative quality of the derived fat was studied. Blanching and freezing were compared as slaughtering methods, followed by oven or freeze-drying for drying and mechanical pressing or SFE for defatting. The oxidative state and stability of the extracted fat and defatted meals were monitored immediately after their production, using peroxide value (PV) and Rancimat test, and over 24 weeks of storage. Slaughtering and drying methods had an independent effect on PV, with freezing and freeze-drying being the best methods. Mechanical pressing and SFE were comparable and superior to conventional hexane defatting. Interactions were observed between slaughtering and defatting, drying and defatting, and between all three factors. Generally, freeze-drying combined with any of the slaughtering and defatting methods resulted in the lowest PVs, with mechanical pressing being preferred. Freeze-drying plus mechanical pressing also produced the most stable fats during storage according to the evolution of PV, while the combination of blanching and SFE produced the least stable. A significant correlation was found between the PV at 24 weeks and the antioxidant activity of the fats. Contrary to storage assays, in accelerated Rancimat assays, freeze-dried samples were the least stable, which was partially attributed to the significant correlation with the acid values of the samples. Defatted meals followed a similar pattern to the extracted fat, except for worse oxidation for SFE defatting. Therefore, the different processing methods of slaughtering, drying, and defatting of BSFL differently affect lipid oxidation, with interactions between such successive steps.

Infidelity in the Adolescence Stage: The Roles of Negative Affect, Hostility, and Psychological Well-Being.

BACKGROUND: Infidelity is a relational process common in all types of romantic relationships and has been established as one of the main causes of relationship breakdown. However, little is known about this type of transgression in adolescent romantic relationships, although it manifests as a fairly frequent behavior involving different motivations. Even less is known about the emotional impact of infidelity on the offending person and its association with hostile behavior and psychological well-being. METHODS: Through an experimental study (N = 301 Spanish adolescents (190 female and 111 male; Mage = 15.59, SD = 0.69; range from 15 to 17), we sought to analyze the effect of manipulating two types of motivations for infidelity (sexual vs. emotional dissatisfaction) on negative affect, hostility, and psychological well-being. RESULTS: The main results revealed that committing infidelity motivated by hypothetical sexual (vs. emotional) dissatisfaction was indirectly related to lower psychological well-being through its effects on increased negative affect and hostility. CONCLUSIONS: Last but not least, we discuss these findings, highlighting the possible implications of infidelity for the psychosocial and psychosexual development of adolescents.

#Instacomparison: Social Comparison and Envy as Correlates of Exposure to Instagram and Cyberbullying Perpetration.

Instagram is a popular social networking site (SNS) among adolescents that allows them to share visual content about their lives quickly and easily, increasing social connection, acceptation, and entertainment among others. Nevertheless, SNS exposure can also lead to negative counterparts such as judgments, envy, social comparison, or cyberbullying perpetration. This research aimed to analyze the possible psychosocial factors associated with Instagram use (i.e., social comparison and envy) that could lead to the perpetration of cyberbullying towards peers. The sample consisted of 254 adolescent students aged between 15 and 18 years old (Mage = 15.77, SD = 0.74). The results indicated that high connection time to Instagram, high levels of social comparison, and malicious envy were associated with an increased tendency to carry out cyberbullying perpetration's behaviors. Likewise, the main finding showed that a high connection time to Instagram was associated with increased social comparison, which in turn was associated with malicious envy, and consequently with an increased tendency to carry out cyberbullying perpetration's behaviors. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the psychosocial processes that might precede to perpetrate cyberbullying's behaviors, as well as to promote the development of educational programs intend to encourage the responsible use of SNSs during adolescence.

What Does It Mean to Be Responsive to a Partner's Sexual Needs? Toward a Definition of Sexual Need Responsiveness.

Being responsive to a partner's sexual needs in relationships (i.e., sexual need responsiveness) is associated with higher sexual and relationship satisfaction. Previous research has focused on researcher-led definitions of sexual need responsiveness. The purpose of the present study was to develop a participant-informed definition of sexual need responsiveness. A total of 305 individuals responded to five open-ended questions concerning the definition and behaviors pertaining to sexual need responsiveness. The content analysis results showed that the most common elements in participants' definition included listening to and accommodating each other's sexual needs and wishes whenever possible, while respecting both partners' safety and boundaries. Both verbal and non-verbal communication in various forms was used to express and share needs with partners and participants often evaluated responsiveness in terms of their sexual satisfaction. The results provide a participant-informed definition of sexual need responsiveness and can be used to inform research and clinical practice.

Does the Number of Likes Affect Adolescents' Emotions? The Moderating Role of Social Comparison and Feedback-Seeking on Instagram.

Instagram is a social networking site (SNS) that facilitate the social-comparison and feedback-seeking (SCFS) processes, which are particularly relevant during adolescence. Likes represent numeric evaluative feedback and seem to be considered as a form of social reward. In this research we examine some psychosocial factors that could influence the Instagram usage intensity (i.e. SCFS and motivations) and analyze the moderating role of SCFS in the relationship between the number of likes on posts and adolescents' emotions. The sample consisted of 182 adolescent students aged between 13 and 18 years (M = 15.35 years, SD = 1.11). The results show that the social interaction, storage, and gossip motivations mediate the relationship between SCFS and Instagram usage intensity, and that the influence of the number of likes on emotions depended on the degree of SCFS. The discussion of the findings emphasizes that likes have a special social and affective relevance for adolescents with high SCFS, who might become more emotionally susceptible to the feedback they received from their audience on Instagram. This research could be a precedent to future research and the development of intervention programs based on the responsible use of SNSs in an educative context.

The Relationship Between the Motivation to Commit Infidelity and Negative Affect and Self-Esteem: How Cheating in Romance Might Signal Positive Well-Being in Adolescents.

Infidelity occurs in adult romantic relationships quite often; however, little is known about this relational phenomenon in the adolescent stage, despite its being a surprisingly common behavior. Through a correlational study, we set out to examine how the various documented motivations to engage in an act of infidelity are associated with negative emotional responses, self-esteem, and psychological well-being. In a sample of Spanish adolescents (N = 346 [Mage = 15.71, SD = 1.27; range from 13 to 19]), results showed that committing an act of infidelity due to sexual or emotional dissatisfaction (vs. neglect and anger) is related to higher levels of psychological well-being by undermining negative affect, thereby increasing the levels of self-esteem. The discussion of the findings emphasizes that infidelity could favor adolescents' personal growth, because of the need to explore new sensations and feelings that arise during this period.

Pursuing Experimental Reproducibility: An Efficient Protocol for the Preparation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples for NMR-based Metabolomics and Analysis of Sample Degradation.

NMR-based metabolomics investigations of human biofluids offer great potential to uncover new biomarkers. In contrast to protocols for sample collection and biobanking, procedures for sample preparation prior to NMR measurements are still heterogeneous, thus compromising the comparability of the resulting data. Herein, we present results of an investigation of the handling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for NMR metabolomics research. Origins of commonly observed problems when conducting NMR experiments on this type of sample are addressed, and suitable experimental conditions in terms of sample preparation and pH control are discussed. Sample stability was assessed by monitoring the degradation of CSF samples by NMR, hereby identifying metabolite candidates, which are potentially affected by sample storage. A protocol was devised yielding consistent spectroscopic data as well as achieving overall sample stability for robust analysis. We present easy to adopt standard operating procedures with the aim to establish a shared sample handling strategy that facilitates and promotes inter-laboratory comparison, and the analysis of sample degradation provides new insights into sample stability.

Controlling behaviors in couple relationships in the digital age: acceptability of gender violence, sexism, and myths about romantic love / Los comportamientos de control en la pareja en la era digital: la aceptación de la violencia de género, el sexismo y los mitos del amor

Young people have incorporated information and communication technology (ICT) and its influence on socialization as a new instrument to exercise controlling behaviors in their relationships. The present research aims to analyse the influence of some variables that affect social perception of those controlling behaviors, such as the adopted role on the scene (i. e. , protagonist vs. observer) and means of control that is used (i. e. , face-to-face vs. WhatsApp) while considering the effect of attitudinal variables: acceptability of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW), ambivalent sexism, and myths about romantic love. Two studies were implemented: Study 1 included women (n = 224) and Study 2 included men (n = 120), all of them college students. The main results revealed that both women and men perceive controlling behaviors amongst other peer couples; however, few of them recognize suffering or the exercise of these behaviors within their relationships. In addition, data pointed out the adopted role on the scene and the ideological variables (ambivalent sexism, acceptability of IPVAW, and myths about romantic love) that influenced social perception of dating violence; however, there was no influence of means of control. This research contributes to the previous literature, evidencing that controlling behaviors through technological means are accepted and normalized among young people. Additionally, it shows novel data about young people's social perception of controlling behaviors in their relationships, depending on whether they adopt the role of observer or the role of protagonist in a violent situation

Con las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y su influencia en la socialización, los jóvenes han incorporado un instrumento más para ejercer comportamientos controladores en sus relaciones de pareja. Esta investigación pretende analizar la influencia de algunas variables que afectan a la percepción social de estos comportamientos controladores, como el rol del participante en el escenario (protagonista vs. observador u observadora) y el medio de control utilizado (cara a cara vs. WhatsApp), considerando el efecto de las variables ideológicas: aceptabilidad de la violencia, sexismo y mitos del amor romántico. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios: un primer estudio con mujeres (n = 224) y uno segundo con hombres (n = 120), todos ellos estudiantes universitarios. Los principales resultados indicaron que tanto mujeres como hombres observan comportamientos controladores en otras parejas de su edad, aunque pocos reconocen sufrir o ejercer estos comportamientos en sus relaciones. Asimismo, se encuentra que el rol que se ocupa en el escenario y las variables ideológicas (sexismo ambivalente, aceptabilidad de la violencia y mitos sobre el amor romántico) influyen en la percepción social de la violencia en la pareja, si bien no se encontró influencia del medio de control. Estos hallazgos constituyen una aportación a la literatura existente, poniendo en evidencia que los comportamientos controladores ejercidos a través de los medios tecnológicos son aceptados y normalizados entre los jóvenes y las jóvenes. Asimismo, proporciona datos novedosos sobre la percepción social que esta población tiene de los comportamientos controladores en las relaciones en función de si se adopta el rol de observador o de protagonista de la situación violenta

Estudio de lesiones osteomusculares en trabajadores/as con riesgos derivados de la exposición a pantallas de visualización de datos en la provincia de Albacete / Study of musculoskeletal injuries in workers with risks derived from exposure to data display screens in the province of Albacete

Objetivo principal: establecer un sistema de trabajo para la detección y codificación de lesiones músculo-esqueléticas que afectan a trabajadores usuarios de PVD. Material y Métodos: durante el año 2017 se realizó un estudio observacional transversal sobre 427 usuarios de PVD. Se utilizó principalmente el protocolo de PVD del Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, trasladando los datos obtenidos al programa estadístico SPSS para su procesamiento y estudio a través de una Chi cuadrado. Resultados: existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre lesiones osteomusculares y cuatro variables: 1) Horas de exposición diaria a PVD. 2) Lateralidad manual. 3) Edad. 4) Formación en Prevención de Riesgos Laborales. Conclusiones: mediante la sistematización y estudio de una serie de variables, podemos mejorar la orientación de los hábitos saludables (fundamentalmente posturales) de los trabajadores

Objective: to establish a working system for the detection and codification of musculoskeletal injuries that affect Data Display Screen users. Material and Methods: during the year 2017, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 427 Data Display Screen workers. The Data Display Screen protocol of the Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare was used, transferring the obtained data to the statistical program SPSS for processing through a Chi-squared Results: statistically significant relationship among musculoskeletal injuries and four variables: 1) Hours per day with exposure to Data Display Screen. 2) Manual laterality. 3) Age. 4) Training in Occupational Risk Prevention. Conclusions: through the systematization and study of a series of variables, we can improve the orientation of healthy habits (fundamentally postural) of workers

Utilidad de los métodos fenotípicos y genotípicos en el estudio de resistencias de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a fármacos antituberculosos de primera línea / Utility of phenotypic and genotypic testing in the study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs

Objetivo: Conocer la utilidad de las técnicas moleculares para el diagnóstico de resistencias y la situación de las resistencias a fármacos de primera línea en nuestra área geográfica. Material y método: Desde 2004 a 2013, 1.889 cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex aisladas en Asturias, España, fueron estudiadas mediante pruebas de sensibilidad fenotípicas (directrices del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) y moleculares (INNOLiPA RIF-TB©; GenotypeMDRplus©; GenotypeMDRsl©). Resultados: Mil setecientas cincuenta y nueve cepas (94,52%) eran sensibles a todos los fármacos de primera línea y 102 cepas (5,48%) presentaban alguna resistencia: 81 cepas (4,35%) a un solo fármaco, 14 (0,75%) con polirresistencia y 7 (0,37%) multirresistentes (resistencia a rifampicina e isoniacida). En total hubo 137 resistencias a fármacos: 60 a isoniacida (3,22%), 7 a rifampicina (0,37%), 9 a pirazinamida (0,48%), 11 a etambutol (0,59%) y 50 a estreptomicina (2,68%). El 75,9% de las mutaciones detectadas (63/83) se correlacionaron con resistencia; mientras que un 24,09% de las mutaciones detectadas (20/83) no implicaban resistencia, correspondiendo 16 a una mutación silente en el codón 514 del gen rpoB. Entre un 0 y un 90% de cepas, dependiendo del fármaco que se considere, eran resistentes aunque no presentaban mutaciones en los genes incluidos en los sistemas comerciales. Conclusiones: Las técnicas moleculares resultan muy útiles sobre todo por la rapidez en la obtención de resultados, aunque estos deben confirmarse con las pruebas de sensibilidad fenotípicas de referencia. La tasa de resistencias a fármacos en nuestra región es baja y los casos de multirresistencia (0,37%) son esporádicos

Objective: To determine the utility of molecular techniques in the diagnosis of resistance and the extent of resistance to first-line drugs in our region. Material and method: From 2004 to 2013, 1,889 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated in Asturias, Spain, were studied using phenotypic (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines) and molecular (INNOLiPA RIF-TB©; GenotypeMDRplus©; GenotypeMDRsl©) sensitivity tests. Results: 1,759 strains (94.52%) were sensitive to all first-line drugs, and 102 strains (5.48%) showed some resistance: 81 strains (4.35%) were resistant to 1 single drug, 14 (0.75%) were polyresistant, and 7 (0.37%) were multiresistant (resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid). In total, 137 resistances were identified: 60 to isoniazid (3.22%), 7 to rifampicin (0.37%), 9 to pyrazinamide (0.48%), 11 to ethambutol (0.59%), and 50 to streptomycin (2.68%). Of the mutations detected, 75.9% (63/83) correlated with resistance, while 24.09% of mutations detected (20/83) were not associated with resistance; 16 of these involved a silent mutation at codon 514 of the rpoB gene. Between 0 and 90% of strains, depending on the drug under consideration, were resistant even when no gene mutations were detected using marketed systems. Conclusions: Molecular techniques are very useful, particularly for obtaining rapid results, but these must be confirmed with standard phenotypic sensitivity testing. The rate of resistance in our region is low and multi-drug resistant cases (0.37%) are sporadic

Utility of Phenotypic and Genotypic Testing in the Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance to First-Line Anti-Tuberculosis drugs. / Utilidad de los métodos fenotípicos y genotípicos en el estudio de resistencias de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a fármacos antituberculosos de primera línea.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of molecular techniques in the diagnosis of resistance and the extent of resistance to first-line drugs in our region. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From 2004 to 2013, 1,889 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated in Asturias, Spain, were studied using phenotypic (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines) and molecular (INNOLiPA RIF-TB©; GenotypeMDRplus©; GenotypeMDRsl©) sensitivity tests. RESULTS: 1,759 strains (94.52%) were sensitive to all first-line drugs, and 102 strains (5.48%) showed some resistance: 81 strains (4.35%) were resistant to 1 single drug, 14 (0.75%) were polyresistant, and 7 (0.37%) were multiresistant (resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid). In total, 137 resistances were identified: 60 to isoniazid (3.22%), 7 to rifampicin (0.37%), 9 to pyrazinamide (0.48%), 11 to ethambutol (0.59%), and 50 to streptomycin (2.68%). Of the mutations detected, 75.9% (63/83) correlated with resistance, while 24.09% of mutations detected (20/83) were not associated with resistance; 16 of these involved a silent mutation at codon 514 of the rpoB gene. Between 0 and 90% of strains, depending on the drug under consideration, were resistant even when no gene mutations were detected using marketed systems. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular techniques are very useful, particularly for obtaining rapid results, but these must be confirmed with standard phenotypic sensitivity testing. The rate of resistance in our region is low and multi-drug resistantcases (0.37%) are sporadic.

Molecular and epidemiological population-based integrative analysis of human and animal Mycobacterium bovis infections in a low-prevalence setting.

Human Mycobacterium bovis infections are considered to be due to reactivations, when involve elderly people, or to recent transmissions, when exposure is occupational. We determined the cause of M. bovis infections by genotyping M. bovis isolates in a population-based study integrating human and animal databases. Among the 1,586 tuberculosis (TB) cases in Asturias, Northern Spain (1,080,000 inhabitants), 1,567 corresponded to M. tuberculosis and 19 to M. bovis. The number of human isolates sharing genotype with cattle isolates was higher than expected (47%) for a setting with low prevalence of bovine TB and efficient control programs in cattle. The risk of exposure to infected animals was probable/possible in most of these matched cases (77.7%). Recent transmission was the likely explanation of most M. bovis infections in elderly people. A potential human-to-human transmission was found. Our study illustrates a model of collaboration between human and animal health professionals to provide a precise snapshot of the transmission of M. bovis in the human-animal interface.

Mobile platform for treatment of stroke: A case study of tele-assistance.

This article presents the technological solution of a tele-assistance process for stroke patients in acute phase in the Seville metropolitan area. The main objective of this process is to reduce time from symptom onset to treatment of acute phase stroke patients by means of telemedicine, regarding mobility between an intensive care unit ambulance and an expert center and activating the pre-hospital care phase. The technological platform covering the process has been defined following an interoperability model based on standards and with a focus on service-oriented architecture focus. Messaging definition has been designed according to the reference model of the CEN/ISO 13606, messages content follows the structure of archetypes. An XDS-b (Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing-b) transaction messaging has been designed according to Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise profile for archetype notifications and update enquiries.This research has been performed by a multidisciplinary group. The Virgen del Rocío University Hospital acts as Reference Hospital and the Public Company for Healthcare as mobility surroundings.

El control estricto de la presión arterial tras un ictus isquémico se asocia con la aparición de episodios de hipotensión nocturna / Tight control of blood pressure after ischemic stroke is associated with nocturnal hypotension episodes

Objetivo. Evaluar si un control más estricto de la presión arterial (PA) en pacientes con ictus isquémico reciente se asocia con la presencia de episodios de hipotensión nocturna (HPN). Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyeron 100 pacientes consecutivos que habían sido dados de alta por ictus isquémico en los seis meses previos. Para evaluar el buen control de la PA en estos pacientes, se utilizaron valores de la PA en consulta y monitorización ambulatoria de la PA de 24 horas. Resultados. Se estudiaron 63 varones y 37 mujeres; la media de edad fue de 69 ± 11 años. Se incluyeron 68 ictus lacunares y 32 no lacunares. Se observaron episodios de HPN en 59 pacientes. La hipertensión clínica estuvo presente en 34 pacientes. Un patrón anormal del ritmo circadiano de la PA estaba presente en 72 sujetos. Sólo 18 pacientes tenían la PA dentro de límites normales. Los episodios de HPN fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con buen control de la PA en comparación con los pacientes con mal control: 88,8% y 52,4%, respectivamente (p = 0,007). La presencia de episodios de HPN también estaba inversamente relacionada con el número de parámetros de PA alterados (p = 0,001). Conclusiones. El control estricto de la PA tras un ictus isquémico se asocia con una alta frecuencia de episodios de HPN. Es probable que una reducción intensiva de los niveles de la PA dentro del rango de la normalidad tras un ictus isquémico pueda no ser beneficiosa, en particular en los pacientes ancianos (AU)

Aim. To evaluate whether a tighter blood pressure (BP) control in patients with recent ischemic stroke is associated with the presence of nocturnal hypotension (NHP) episodes. Patients and methods. We included one hundred consecutive patients who had been discharged for ischemic stroke in the previous six months. To evaluate adequacy of BP control in these patients office BP and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring values were used. Results. We studied 63 males and 37 females; mean age was 69 ± 11 years. Sixty-eight lacunar and 32 non-lacunar strokes were included. Episodes of NHP were observed in 59 patients. Clinical hypertension was present in 34 patients. An abnormal pattern of circadian rhythm of BP was present in 72 subjects. Only 18 patients had BP within normal limits. Episodes of NHP were more frequent in subjects with good BP control versus patients with bad BP control: 88.8% and 52.4 % respectively (p = 0.007). The presence of NHP episodes was also inversely related to number of BP parameters altered (p = 0.001). Conclusions. Tight control of BP after ischemic stroke is associated with a high frequency of NHP episodes. It is likely that aggressively lowering BP levels within the normal range after an ischemic stroke may be not beneficial, particularly in elderly patients (AU)

Dislipemia aterogénica y riesgo residual en pacientes con ictus isquémico / Atherogenic dyslipidemia and residual risk in patients with ischemic stroke

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[Hemicrania continua and paroxysmal hemicrania: clinical and therapeutic characteristics in a series of 23 patients]. / Hemicránea continua y paroxística: características clínicas y terapéuticas en una serie de 23 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Hemicranias are an uncommon type of headache characterised by strictly unilateral pain, either as a continuous, although fluctuating, headache in hemicrania continua (HC) or in the form of recurring attacks in paroxysmal hemicrania (PH). In both types of headache, an absolute response to indomethacin is reported. AIMS. To analyse the fulfilment of current diagnostic criteria for HC and PH and the recent introduction of HC within the group of trigeminal-autonomic cephalgias. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients diagnosed with HC or PH were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic and symptomatological information as well as data regarding the analogical pain scale and response to indomethacin were included. RESULTS: A sample of 12 HC (four males and eight females) was evaluated from a total of 520 cases (2.3%). Mean age at onset: 47.1 ± 16.4 years. Baseline pain intensity: 3.3 ± 1,9. Exacerbations: 9.2 ± 1.1. Eight cases (66.7%) presented autonomic symptoms, four (33.3%) followed a time pattern, and two (16.7%) did not respond to indomethacin. We evaluated a sample of 11 PH (100% females) from 520 cases (2.1%). Mean age at onset: 37.0 ± 13.9 years. Pain intensity: 8.7 ± 2.7. Nine cases (81.8%) presented autonomic symptoms, three (27.3%) followed a time pattern and one (9.1%) did not respond to indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS: Hemicranias are not frequently diagnosed in day-to-day clinical practice. Their diagnosis requires the fulfilment of certain criteria that are sometimes not fully satisfied. We believe that the criteria need revising and we also support the recent inclusion of HC within the group of trigeminal-autonomic cephalgias.

TITLE: Hemicranea continua y paroxistica: caracteristicas clinicas y terapeuticas en una serie de 23 pacientes.Introduccion. Las hemicraneas son cefaleas raras caracterizadas por dolor estrictamente unilateral, bien como una cefalea continua, aunque fluctuante, en la hemicranea continua (HC), o en forma de ataques recurrentes en la hemicranea paroxistica (HP). En ambos tipos de cefalea se describe una respuesta absoluta a la indometacina. Objetivo. Analizar el cumplimiento de los criterios diagnosticos actuales para HC y HP, y la reciente introduccion de la HC en el grupo de las cefaleas trigeminoautonomicas. Pacientes y metodos. Evaluamos retrospectivamente las caracteristicas clinicas y terapeuticas de pacientes diagnosticados de HC o HP. Incluimos informacion demografica, sintomatologia, escala analogica de dolor y respuesta a la indometacina. Resultados. Evaluamos una muestra de 12 pacientes con HC (cuatro hombres y ocho mujeres) de un total de 520 casos (2,3%). Edad media de inicio: 47,1 ± 16,4 años. Intensidad de dolor basal: 3,3 ± 1,9. Exacerbaciones: 9,2 ± 1,1. Ocho casos (66,7%) presentaban sintomas autonomicos, cuatro (33,3%) tenian patron horario y dos (16,7%) no respondieron a la indometacina. Evaluamos una muestra de 11 pacientes con HP (100% mujeres) de 520 casos (2,1%). Edad media de inicio: 37,0 ± 13,9 años. Intensidad de dolor: 8,7 ± 2,7. Nueve casos (81,8%) presentaban sintomas autonomicos, tres (27,3%) tenian patron horario y uno (9,1%) no respondio a la indometacina. Conclusiones. Las hemicraneas son diagnosticos infrecuentes en consultas de cefalea. Su diagnostico requiere el cumplimiento de unos criterios que a veces no se cumplen en su totalidad. Pensamos que se precisa una revision de los criterios y apoyamos que la HC se haya introducido recientemente en el grupo de las cefaleas trigeminoautonomicas.