Risk exposure factors influencing the frequency of road crashes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. A negative binomial spatial regression model.

The article aims to investigate the influence of risk exposure factors on the frequency of road crashes from January to August 2020 in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. It is a longitudinal study with four data sets: road crashes, population and housing census, location of economic activities, and road network information. Specifically, this study investigates the relationship between exposure factors - demographics, main roads and land use - and road crashes. A mixed method analysis was employed, (1) spatial analysis using GIS techniques; and (2) a negative binomial spatial regression model. The results showed a strong spatial dependence (0.274; p-value 0.00) of road crashes in the census tracts, and this effect was statistically significant (0.007) in the spatial regression model. In the model, a high probability (<0.05) of road crashes in the census tracts was found with the population aged 15 to 65 years, the length of main roads and the level of road coverage (Engel index), land uses with economic activities of an industrial and commercial character. The findings of this study successfully capture the social, economic, and urban conditions during the January-August 2020 period in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This new knowledge could help create preventive plans and policies to address the frequency of road crashes.

A Transcriptome Community-and-Module Approach of the Human Mesoconnectome.

Graph analysis allows exploring transcriptome compartments such as communities and modules for brain mesostructures. In this work, we proposed a bottom-up model of a gene regulatory network to brain-wise connectome workflow. We estimated the gene communities across all brain regions from the Allen Brain Atlas transcriptome database. We selected the communities method to yield the highest number of functional mesostructures in the network hierarchy organization, which allowed us to identify specific brain cell functions (e.g., neuroplasticity, axonogenesis and dendritogenesis communities). With these communities, we built brain-wise region modules that represent the connectome. Our findings match with previously described anatomical and functional brain circuits, such the default mode network and the default visual network, supporting the notion that the brain dynamics that carry out low- and higher-order functions originate from the modular composition of a GRN complex network.

La relación entre la centralidad urbana y los atropellamientos en Ciudad Juárez, México / A Relação entre a Centralidade Urbana e os Atropelamentos em Cidade Juárez, México / The Relationship Between Urban Hierarchy and Pedestrian Injury Collisions in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación espacial y estadística entre los usos de suelo comercial y de servicios y los atropellamientos en Ciudad Juárez. Método: Estudio longitudinal que utiliza datos de la Dirección General de Tránsito Municipal de Ciudad Juárez del 2008 al 2011. Se identifican las intersecciones de mayor riesgo mediante el análisis espacial. Se construyó una base de datos socioeconómicos y se realiza una correlación de Spearman para conocer la relación que existe entre las variables: atropellados y concentración de actividades productivas. Resultados: Se obtuvieron ocho zonas de análisis de tránsito. Los resultados indican que hay más riesgo de ser atropellado donde se presenta una mayor densidad de empleo en servicios y comercio, así como para la población de 60 años y más. Conclusiones: Existe un alto riesgo de atropellamientos en las zonas con alta jerarquía intraurbana asociadas con usos de suelo con vocación al comercio y servicios. La densidad de atropellamientos es mayor a lo largo de las principales vialidades urbanas.

Objective: To assess the spatial and statistical relationships between commercial land uses and pedestrian injury collisions in Ciudad Juárez. Method: Cross sectional study using data from the Municipal Transit Police from 2008 to 2011. Increased risk intersections are identified by spatial analysis. A socio-economic database and Spearman correlation were constructed to know the relationship between the variables: ran over and concentration of productive activities. Results: Eight traffic analysis zones were obtained. The results indicate that there is more risk of being hit where there is a higher density of employment in services and shops, as well as for over 60 years old people. Conclusions: There is a high risk of collisions in areas with high intra-urban hierarchy associated with land uses with a vocation to shops and services. The density of collisions is higher along major urban roads.

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação espacial e estatística entre os usos de solo comercial e de serviços e os atropelamentos em Cidade Juarez. Método: Estudo longitudinal que utiliza dados da Direção Geral de Trânsito Municipal de Cidade Juarez de 2008 até 2011. Identificaram se as intersecções de maior risco mediante a análise espacial. Construiu uma base de dados socioeconômicos e se realiza uma correlação de Spearman para conhecer a relação que existe entre as variáveis: atropelados e concentração de atividades produtivas. Resultados: Obtiveram se oito zonas de análise de trânsito. Os resultados indicam que há mais risco de ser atropelado onde se apresenta uma maior densidade de emprego em serviços e comercio, assim como para a povoação de 60 anos e mais. Conclusões: Existe um alto risco de atropelamentos nas zonas com alta jerarquia intra-urbanas associadas com usos de solo com vocação ao comercio e serviços. A densidade de atropelamentos é maior ao longo das principais viabilidades urbanas.

Spatial environmental risk factors for pedestrian injury collisions in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico (2008-2009): implications for urban planning.

The aim of this study is to examine the spatial distribution of pedestrian injury collisions and analyse the environmental (social and physical) risk factors in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. More specifically, this study investigates the influence of land use, density, traffic and socio-economic characteristics. This cross sectional study is based on pedestrian injury collision data that were collected by the Municipal Transit Police during 2008-2009. This research presents an analysis of vehicle-pedestrian collisions and their spatial risk determinants using mixed methods that included (1) spatial/geographical information systems (GIS) analysis of pedestrian collision data and (2) ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis to explain the density of pedestrian collisions data. In our model, we found a higher probability for pedestrian collisions in census tracts with population and employment density, large concentration of commercial/retail land uses and older people (65 and more). Interventions to alleviate this situation including transportation planning such as decentralisation of municipal transport system, investment in road infrastructure - density of traffic lights, pedestrian crossing, road design, improves lane demarcation. Besides, land use planning interventions should be implemented in commercial/retail areas, in particular separating pedestrian and vehicular spaces.

[Spatial exploratory analysis of road accidents in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico]. / Análisis exploratorio espacial de los accidentes de tránsito en Ciudad Juárez, México.

OBJECTIVE: Prepare a tool for the exploratory study of road accidents in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, that exclusively applies the spatial geographical variable (location). METHODS: Observational and cross-sectional study that uses a Geographic Information System to explore the spatial nature of 13 305 road accidents recorded during 2008 and 2009 in Ciudad Juarez. Indicators were constructed that approximated the transit flow and included two variables: indices of the level of urbanization and population density. RESULTS: The value of the global spatial autocorrelation was positive, indicating the presence of groupings that were identified through the spatial association indicators. There are road risk clusters located in areas with a high level of urbanization, low population density, and a high transit flow level. CONCLUSIONS: The exploratory analysis of spatial data is a phase that precedes the use of multivariate techniques with a broader scope. The application of exploratory analysis techniques in itself makes it possible to standardize spatial groupings, identify global autocorrelation, and indicate the direction of the variables under study.

Análisis exploratorio espacial de los accidentes de tránsito en Ciudad Juárez, México / Spatial exploratory analysis of road accidents in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico

Objetivo. Elaborar una herramienta para el estudio exploratorio de los accidentes vialesen Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, que aplique de forma exclusiva la variable geográficaespacial (ubicación).Método. Estudio observacional y transversal que utiliza un sistema de información geográficapara explorar la naturaleza espacial de 13 305 accidentes viales registrados durante 2008y 2009 en Ciudad Juárez. Se construyeron indicadores aproximados al flujo de tránsito y seincluyeron dos variables: índice de jerarquía urbana y densidad de población.Resultados. El valor de la autocorrelación espacial global fue positivo, indicando la presenciade agrupamientos que fueron identificados a través de los indicadores de asociaciónespacial. Existen clústeres de riesgo vial localizados en las zonas con una alta jerarquía intraurbana,baja densidad de población y un elevado flujo de tránsito.Conclusiones. El análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales es una fase previa al uso de técnicasmultivariadas de mayor alcance. La aplicación de las técnicas del análisis exploratoriopor sí misma permite tipificar agrupamientos espaciales, identificar autocorrelación global eindicar la dirección de las variables en estudio.

Hiperplasia endometrial / Endometrial hyperplasia

Se realizó un estudio longitudinal retrospectivo descriptivo en el período comprendido desde enero 2005 hasta diciembre 2008 en el Hospital Ginecobstétrico Docente Manuel Piti Fajardo en el municipio de Güines, provincia Mayabeque, para analizar los factores de riesgo en la hiperplasia endometrial con respecto a los elementos clínico-epidemiológicos y al comportamiento de esta patología en la entidad. El universo lo constituyeron 159 pacientes registradas en el departamento de estadística del hospital, de ellas se tomó una muestra de 94, las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, color de la piel, menarquia, paridad, infertilidad por anovulación, menopausia y enfermedades sistémicas asociadas; revelando la investigación la mayor incidencia en la hiperplasia simple con un 72,3 por ciento sin atipicidad celular. Se logró orientar sobre la detención precoz de los factores de riesgo que mayormente inciden en esta enfermedad en el municipio (AU)

A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was performed in the period from January 2005 to December 2008 at Manuel Piti Fajardo Ginecobstetric Hospital in Güines municipality, to analyze the risk factors for Endometrial hyperplasia regarding the clinical-epidemiological elements and behavior of this entity. The universe was constituted by 159 female patients registered in the department of statistics, taking a sample of 94 patients. The morbi-mortality rate was analyzed, it was studied variables: age, skin color, menarche, parity, infertility due to anovulation, menopause and associated systemic diseases. The investigation revealed the highest incidence on Simple Hyperplasia with 72,3 per cent without cellular atipicity. This work helped guide on the early detection of risk factors that mostly influence on this disease in the municipality(AU)