Corrigendum: Psychosocial stress moderates the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid lactate dehydrogenase and the duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode psychosis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1327928.].

Psychosocial stress moderates the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid lactate dehydrogenase and the duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode psychosis.

Introduction: Previous research has shown that lower lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with longer prodromal symptoms in first-episode psychosis (FEP). We aimed to study whether there is a relationship between the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and LDH and other CSF biomarkers in FEP and whether stressful life events moderate this association. Methods: Ninety-five inpatients with FEP and with less than 6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment were included in the study. All participants were informed about the nature of the study, which was approved by the local ethics committee, and signed an informed consent form. A lumbar puncture was performed at index admission (baseline) to measure CSF parameters (glucose, total protein, LDH). The DUP was assessed with the Quick Psychosis Onset and Prodromal Symptoms Inventory (Q-POPSI). Stressful life events (SLEs) in the previous 6 months were assessed with the List of Threatening Experiences. We dichotomized the SLE variable into having experienced at least one SLE or no experience of SLEs. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS v. 25.0. Total protein and LDH concentrations were natural log transformed (ln) to reduce skewness. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between the DUP and CSF parameters (considered the dependent variable). Age, sex, DUP and SLEs were considered independent variables. We tested the DUP by SLE interaction. Significant interactions were included in the final model. The threshold for significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Fifty-four FEP patients (56.8%) reported an SLE in the previous 6 months. There were no significant differences in the DUP between patients with or without SLEs. There were no significant differences in CSF biomarkers between the SLE groups. In the multiple linear regression analyses, we found a significant DUP by SLE interaction effect on CSF LDH concentrations (standardized beta= -0.320, t= -2.084, p= 0.040). In patients with SLEs, a shorter DUP was associated with higher CSF LDH concentrations and vice versa. No significant associations were found between the DUP or SLEs and other CSF biomarkers (glucose, total proteins). Conclusions: Our study suggests that psychosocial stress moderates the relationship between the onset of psychosis and CSF biomarkers related to bioenergetic systems.

"QUIERO SER COMO JEFF, THE KILLER" Lo disocial en menores, un diagnóstico difícil / "I WANT TO BE LIKE JEFF, THE KILLER" The disocial in minors, a difficult diagnosis

Presentamos en caso clínico de una paciente de 15 años, sin antecedentes de Salud Mental, que ingresa en la Unidad de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil por alteraciones conductuales y agresividad en escalada, tanto en el domicilio, como en el colegio. Es un ejemplo de que la psicopatología en edades tempranas no está tan claramente definida, y que puede adoptar formas muy diversas. Es difícil establecer una línea divisoria entre lo psicótico y lo afectivo, lo afectivo y lo caracterial e incluso lo normal de la patología. Encontramos compatibilidad con un Trastorno del espectro autista; Esquizotipia y Trastorno disocial de la personalidad. En la discusión expondremos el diagnóstico diferencial y nos centraremos en el Trastorno Disocial, ya que continúa siendo un tema controvertido en Psiquiatría; ¿qué es?, ¿presenta dificultades en el diagnóstico?; ¿existe relación entre niños y adulto? y ¿cuál es el tratamiento?

We present the clinical case of a 15-year-old patient, with no history of Mental Health, who ingress the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit due to behavioral alterations and aggressiveness at home and at school. It is an example that psychopathology in children and adolescents is not so clearly defined, and that it can take many different forms. It is difficult to establish a dividing line between the psychotic and the affective, between the affective and the personality and even between the normal of the pathology. We found compatibility with an Autism Spectrum Disorder; Schizotypia and Dissocial Personality Disorder. In the discussion we will discuss the differential diagnosis; focusing on the Disocial Disorder, since it continues to be a controversial topic in Psychiatry; what is it? Is there a difficulty in the diagnosis? Is there a relationship between children and adults? And what is treatment?