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1.
Rev Neurol ; 66(6): 175-181, 2018 Mar 16.
Artigo em Espanhol, Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29537056

RESUMO

AIMS: To investigate whether or not the deficits in executive functions in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect reading comprehension and identify a potential biological marker of this neuropsychological endophenotype through event-related potentials (ERP). The phenotypic association between reading comprehension and the specific functions of inhibition and working memory is studied. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 52 children with ADHD (8-13 years) divided in two groups according to the presence (TDAH-; n = 27; percentile < 30) or the absence (TDAH+; n = 25; percentile > 50) of reading comprehension deficits and a control group (n = 27). The executive functions were evaluated. The ERPs were assessed during a task in which anaphoric sentences of different lengths were presented, recording the ERP in the last adjective of the sentence that required a gender agreement. RESULTS: Working memory and inhibition were associated to reading comprehension performance. The ADHD+ group and the control group seem to detect the disagreement at 100 ms, while the ADHD- group does not activate its working memory until 250 ms. CONCLUSIONS: The delay in the implementation of the working memory mechanisms helps us to understand the deficits in reading comprehension of the ADHD- group.


TITLE: Correlatos electrofisiologicos de la lectura en niños con trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad.Objetivos. Investigar si los deficits en las funciones ejecutivas en el trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH) afectan a su compresion lectora e identificar un potencial marcador biologico de este endofenotipo neuropsicologico a traves de potenciales relacionados con eventos. Especificamente, hipotetizar si las diferencias en memoria de trabajo e inhibicion mantienen una asociacion fenotipica con la comprension lectora en el TDAH. Sujetos y metodos. La muestra estuvo constituida por 52 niños con TDAH (8-13 años) divididos en dos grupos segun la presencia (TDAH­; n = 27; percentil < 30) o ausencia (TDAH+; n = 25; percentil > 50) de deficit en compresion lectora y un grupo control (n = 27). Se evaluaron las funciones ejecutivas y se realizo un experimento de potenciales relacionados con eventos en el que se presentaron oraciones anaforicas de diferentes longitudes, y se registraron los potenciales relacionados con eventos en el ultimo adjetivo de la oracion que requiere acuerdo de genero. Resultados. Se encontro una relacion entre memoria de trabajo e inhibicion con el rendimiento en compresion lectora. Mientras que los grupos de TDAH+ y control mostraron signos de deteccion de no concordancia sintactica a los 100 ms, el grupo de TDAH­ no activo la memoria de trabajo hasta los 250 ms. Conclusiones. La lentitud en la puesta en marcha de los mecanismos de memoria de trabajo nos ayuda a entender los deficits en comprension lectora del grupo de TDAH­.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Dislexia/fisiopatologia , Potenciais Evocados , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Leitura , Adolescente , Criança , Compreensão , Eletroencefalografia , Eletroculografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicologia da Criança
2.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 32(6): 355-362, jul.-ago. 2017. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-165047

RESUMO

Introducción: La heterogeneidad existente entre los niños diagnosticados con trastorno específico del lenguaje (TEL) enfatiza la necesidad de su estudio y caracterización a partir de la distinción entre los subtipos TEL-expresivo y TEL-expresivo-receptivo. El principal objetivo de esta investigación ha sido estudiar el rendimiento neuropsicológico, lingüístico y narrativo en distintos subtipos de niños con TEL. Método: Un protocolo de evaluación exhaustiva tanto de funciones lingüísticas como neuropsicológicas se administró a un total de 58 niños (29 TEL y 29 con desarrollo típico) entre los 5,60 y los 11,20 años de edad. Resultados: Ambos subtipos de TEL obtuvieron peores resultados que el grupo control en las habilidades de lenguaje, en narración y en funcionamiento ejecutivo. Además, el subtipo TEL-expresivo evidenció una elevada presencia de agramaticalidad así como de problemas en la fluidez verbal y en memoria de trabajo verbal y espacial, mientras que el subtipo TEL-expresivo-receptivo obtuvo, en general, un peor rendimiento neuropsicológico. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos muestran como los niños de ambos subtipos de TEL tienen disfunciones ejecutivas que no se reducen a las tareas verbales sino que se extienden a las medidas no verbales. Todo ello podría reflejar una dificultad cognitiva general que, junto con un deterioro lingüístico y narrativo, confiere un perfil complejo a este trastorno (AU)


Introduction: The marked heterogeneity among children diagnosed with specific language impairment (SLI) highlights the importance of studying and describing cases based on the distinction between the expressive and receptive-expressive SLI subtypes. The main objective of this study was to examine neuropsychological, linguistic, and narrative behaviours in children with different SLI subtypes. Method: A comprehensive battery of language and neuropsychological tests was administered to a total of 58 children (29 with SLI and 29 normal controls) between 5.60 and 11.20 years old. Results: Both SLI subtypes performed more poorly than the control group in language skills, narrative, and executive function. Furthermore, the expressive SLI group demonstrated substantial ungrammaticality, as well as problems with verbal fluency and both verbal and spatial working memory, while the receptive-expressive SLI subtype displayed poorer neuropsychological performance in general. Conclusions: Our findings showed that children with either SLI subtype displayed executive dysfunctions that were not limited to verbal tasks but rather extended to nonverbal measures. This could reflect a global cognitive difficulty which, along with declining linguistic and narrative skills, illustrates the complex profile of this impairment (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Linguagem/epidemiologia , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Testes de Linguagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Narração , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Casos e Controles
3.
Neurologia ; 32(6): 355-362, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26971060

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The marked heterogeneity among children diagnosed with specific language impairment (SLI) highlights the importance of studying and describing cases based on the distinction between the expressive and receptive-expressive SLI subtypes. The main objective of this study was to examine neuropsychological, linguistic, and narrative behaviours in children with different SLI subtypes. METHOD: A comprehensive battery of language and neuropsychological tests was administered to a total of 58 children (29 with SLI and 29 normal controls) between 5.60 and 11.20 years old. RESULTS: Both SLI subtypes performed more poorly than the control group in language skills, narrative, and executive function. Furthermore, the expressive SLI group demonstrated substantial ungrammaticality, as well as problems with verbal fluency and both verbal and spatial working memory, while the receptive-expressive SLI subtype displayed poorer neuropsychological performance in general. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that children with either SLI subtype displayed executive dysfunctions that were not limited to verbal tasks but rather extended to nonverbal measures. This could reflect a global cognitive difficulty which, along with declining linguistic and narrative skills, illustrates the complex profile of this impairment.


Assuntos
Função Executiva , Transtornos da Linguagem/psicologia , Idioma , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/psicologia , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Desempenho Psicomotor
5.
Rev. psiquiatr. infanto-juv ; 28(4): 16-26, 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-185963

RESUMO

El debut del Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo (TOC) en la infancia representa un serio impedimento para el desarrollo normal del paciente que lo sufre. Así, se alteran tanto la adquisición de funciones cognitivas complejas como importantes dimensiones de la personalidad. Como consecuencia, existe una elevada probabilidad de que estas personas experimenten un desajuste personal, social y académico. La situación descrita evidencia la necesidad del diagnóstico y la intervención precoz de esta patología. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el TOC en la infancia. Tras la consideración de los criterios diagnósticos que definen a la patología, se revisan los trabajos más recientes respecto a su etiología y neurobiología. Por último, se comentan los estudios existentes sobre las características neuropsicológicas de los sujetos con TOC infantil. Se concluye la necesidad de un mayor número de investigaciones que permitan una caracterización más precisa de esta patología


The onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in childhood is a serious difficulty to normal development in the patient that suffers it. It alters both the acquisition of complex cognitive functions as important personality dimensions. As a result there is a high probability that these people experience personal, social and academic dysfunctions. This situation highlights the need for early diagnosis and intervention of this disorder. A review of scientific literature on childhood OCD is presented. After considerations about diagnostic criteria that define the pathology, we review the most recent advances about etiology and neurobiology of childhood OCD. Finally, we discuss existing research on neuropsychological characteristics of subjects with childhood OCD. We conclude the need for a greater number of researches in order to a more precise characterization of this pathology


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Negação em Psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Neurobiologia/métodos , Diagnóstico Diferencial
6.
Rev. psiquiatr. infanto-juv ; 28(4): 54-62, 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-185967

RESUMO

La Obesidad representa en los países desarrollados un problema socio-sanitario de máximo nivel, al que se dedican ingentes cantidades de recursos humanos y económicos. Según la OMS, la obesidad y el sobrepeso han alcanzado caracteres de epidemia a nivel mundial. Desde los acercamientos neurobiológicos, existe un acuerdo considerable en relacionar elevados Índices de Masa Corporal (IMC) con disminución de los volúmenes de diferentes áreas cerebrales. La importancia de la obesidad infantil para la salud mental y el desarrollo cognitivo ha sido menos estudiada. Con el propósito de contribuir al esclarecimiento de esta situación se plantea la siguiente investigación, que tiene como objetivo central evaluar el rendimiento neuropsicológico y el perfil psicológico de una muestra de adolescentes diagnosticados de obesidad infantil. La muestra estudiada constó de 20 sujetos, 8 formaron parte del grupo experimental (obesos) y 12 del grupo control, todos ellos con un rango de edad de 13 a 16 años. La evaluación neuropsicológica se realizó mediante la aplicación de un extenso protocolo de pruebas de funciones cognitivas. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que los niños con obesidad tienen peor rendimiento en inteligencia, velocidad de procesamiento, atención, y memoria de trabajo. El análisis del perfil psicológico evidenció que sujetos obesos y controles no difieren en las dimensiones de personalidad evaluadas por el BASC cuando los informantes son los propios sujetos o los padres, sin embargo, los profesores/tutores caracterizan a los niños con obesidad como tendentes a la agresividad, con retraimiento, somatizaciones, y carentes de habilidades de estudio. Este perfil de resultados muestra, aunque con matices, que la obesidad tiene una repercusión en el rendimiento neuropsicológico de las personas que lo padecen


Obesity represents a top-level health problem in developed countries that requires enormous amounts of human and financial resources. According to OMS, obesity and overweight have reached epidemic characters worldwide. From neurobiological approaches, there is considerable agreement in relating high levels of Body Mass Index (BMI) with decreasing volumes of different brain areas. The importance of childhood obesity to mental health and cognitive development has been less studied. In order to clarify this situation raises the following research, which aims to assess core neuropsychological performance and the psychological profile of a sample of adolescents diagnosed with childhood obesity. The study sample consisted of 20 subjects, 8 were part of the experimental group (obese) and 12 were the control group, all with 13 to 16 years. The neuropsychological assessment was performed by applying an extensive testing protocol of cognitive functions. The results showed that obese children have poorer performance in intelligence, processing speed, attention, and working memory. Psychological profile showed that obese subjects and controls did not differ in the personality dimensions assessed by the BASC when the informants was the subjects themselves or parents, but teachers / tutors characterize obsesses with as aggressive, with withdrawal behaviors, somatization and without study skills. This profile shows although with nuances that obesity has an impact on neuropsychological performance of individuals who suffer it


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Obesidade/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Psicologia do Adolescente , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Função Executiva , Cognição , Inibição Psicológica
7.
Rev Neurol ; 47(5): 225-30, 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18780266

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: There is an important agreement on the consideration of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a condition characterized by neurodevelopmental dysfunction of fronto-striatal dopaminergic and noradrenergic circuits with resultant executive deficits in cognitive functioning. AIM: To assess the existence of memory deficits in children with ADHD associated with a poor performance executive. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We assess 14 children diagnosed with ADHD combined type and 14 controls matched on intellectual coefficient, age and level of schooling, in a neuropsychological evaluation protocol designed to assess executive functions and memory skills using Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Memory for Stories Test -Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL)-, Complex Figure Text, Visual Selective Reminding Test (TOMAL), Tower of Hanoi, Memory Phrases Test (Siegel and Ryan), Digit Span (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised) and Tapping Test (Wechsler Memory Scale III). RESULTS: The ADHD group showed deficits in the learning and free recall of verbal material, in procedural and working memory. No group differences were observed in the visual memory tasks. CONCLUSIONS: The results are analyzed in terms of difficulty in coding strategies, storage and search of information previously stored in the group with ADHD, at least for the kind of verbal information. These difficulties are associated with deficits in executive functioning.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Memória/fisiopatologia , Memória/fisiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Criança , Cognição/fisiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
8.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 47(5): 225-230, 1 sept., 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-69870

RESUMO

Introducción. Existe un acuerdo importante en la consideración del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) como una patología del neurodesarrollo caracterizada por déficit dopaminérgicos y noradrenérgicos de los circuitos frontoestriados que afectan al funcionamiento ejecutivo en el rendimiento cognitivo. Objetivo. Evaluar la existencia de déficit en memoria en niños con TDAH asociados a un deficiente rendimiento ejecutivo. Sujetos y métodos. Administramos a 14 niños diagnosticados de TDAH tipo combinado y a 14 controles equiparados en cociente intelectual, edad y nivel de escolarización, un protocolo de evaluación neuropsicológica destinado a evaluar funciones ejecutivas y habilidades de memoria, mediante las pruebas Auditory Verbal Learning Test, test de memoria de historias –test de memoria y aprendizaje (TOMAL)–,figura compleja de Rey, recuerdo selectivo visual (TOMAL), torre de Hanoi, test de memoria de frases (Siegel y Ryan), test de dígitos (escala de inteligencia para niños de Wechsler revisada) y test de tapping visual (escala de memoria de Wechsler III).Resultados. Se encontró que los niños con TDAH presentan déficit en el aprendizaje y en el recuerdo libre del material verbal descontextualizado y contextualizado, en la memoria de trabajo y en la memoria procedimental. Por el contrario, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en las pruebas de memoria de naturaleza visuoespacial y visuoperceptiva.Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos se analizan en términos de dificultades en las estrategias de codificación, almacenamiento y búsqueda de la información previamente almacenada en el grupo con TDAH, al menos para la información de naturaleza verbal. Estas dificultades están asociadas a déficit en el funcionamiento ejecutivo


Introduction. There is an important agreement on the consideration of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) as a condition characterized by neurodevelopmental dysfunction of fronto-striatal dopaminergic and noradrenergic circuits with resultant executive deficits in cognitive functioning. Aim. To assess the existence of memory deficits in children with ADHD associated with a poor performance executive. Subjects and methods. We assess 14 children diagnosed with ADHD combined type and 14 controls matched on intellectual coefficient, age and level of schooling, in a neuropsychological evaluation protocol designed to assess executive functions and memory skills using Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Memoryfor Stories Test –Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL)–, Complex Figure Text, Visual Selective Reminding Test (TOMAL), Tower of Hanoi, Memory Phrases Test (Siegel and Ryan), Digit Span (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised) and Tapping Test (Wechsler Memory Scale III). Results. The ADHD group showed deficits in the learning and free recall of verbal material, in procedural and working memory. No group differences were observed in the visual memory tasks. Conclusions. The results are analyzed in terms of difficulty in coding strategies, storage and search of information previously stored in the group with ADHD, at least for the kind of verbal information. These difficulties are associated with deficits in executivefunctioning


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Transtornos da Memória/diagnóstico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Memória/fisiologia , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Estudos de Casos e Controles
9.
Rev Neurol ; 46(10): 602-8, 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18465700

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: There is wide evidence about dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms in fronto-striatal circuits which are thought to be related with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) neurobiology. That dysfunction may explain core symptoms and part of executive deficits in cognitive functioning. Methylphenidate is effective in alleviating core symptoms, enhancing dopaminergic and noradrenergic biodisponibility. Less evidence in improving executive functions, specially working memory is found. AIMS: To assess if methylphenidate-OROS has a potential effect increasing working memory and attention parameters in ADHD children, and to determine if initial working memory and attention differences between ADHD and control group disappear after one month of daily methylphenidate-OROS treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eleven children with ADHD were selected and as control group was chosen eleven children compared in age, intelligence quotient, school grade, and social-demographic status. Neuropsychological battery was administered in naive ADHD patients at three times, before treatment, after the first methylphenidate-OROS dose, and after one month of daily treatment. Simultaneously neuropsychological battery was administered to control group. RESULTS. Statistically significant differences were found in neuropsychological variables of working memory after one month daily treatment with methylphenidate-OROS and attention parameters after only one dose in ADHD group. Differences between naive ADHD and control group in terms of working memory were statistically significant before treatment but not after one month daily treatment. CONCLUSION: Methylphenidate-OROS improves attention achievement after the first dose and working memory after one month of daily treatment.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Metilfenidato/uso terapêutico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Criança , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos
10.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 46(10): 602-608, 16 mayo, 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-65487

RESUMO

El déficit dopaminérgico y noradrenérgico en los circuitos frontoestriatales es considerado como labase bioquímica del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH). Estas alteraciones parecen explicar parte de sus déficit cognitivos, entre los cuales están las funciones ejecutivas. El metilfenidato incrementa la biodisponibilidad dopaminérgica y noradrenérgica en la corteza prefrontal y los ganglios basales. Este hecho supone beneficios inmediatos en el incremento de la atención y un descenso de la impulsividad. Menos documentado está el efecto del metilfenidato sobre las funciones ejecutivas y, en concreto, sobre la memoria de trabajo. Objetivos. Evaluar si el metilfenidato-OROS incrementa el rendimiento de los TDAH en diversos parámetros atencionales y en tareas de memoria de trabajo, y estudiar si las diferencias entre el grupo con TDAH y el grupo control desaparecen tras un mes de tratamiento con metilfenidato-OROS. Sujetos y métodos.Se seleccionaron 11 pacientes con TDAH y 11 sujetos control equiparados en edad, cociente intelectual, años de escolaridad y nivel socioeconómico. Se administró un protocolo neuropsicológico en tres momentos: antes del tratamiento, tras una sola dosis y tras un mes de tratamiento con metilfenidato-OROS. Se administró el mismo protocolo neuropsicológico al grupocontrol. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias en memoria de trabajo tras un mes de tratamiento y en parámetros atencionales tras una sola toma en el grupo con TDAH. Las diferencias iniciales entre el grupo con TDAH y el grupo control en memoria de trabajo dejaron de ser significativas tras un mes de tratamiento. Conclusión. El metilfenidato-OROS mejora elrendimiento atencional desde la primera dosis y la memoria de trabajo verbal tras un mes de administración diaria


There is wide evidence about dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms in fronto-striatal circuitswhich are thought to be related with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) neurobiology. That dysfunction may explain core symptoms and part of executive deficits in cognitive functioning. Methylphenidate is effective in alleviating coresymptoms, enhancing dopaminergic and noradrenergic biodisponibility. Less evidence in improving executive functions, specially working memory is found. Aims. To assess if methylphenidate-OROS has a potential effect increasing working memory and attention parameters in ADHD children, and to determine if initial working memory and attention differences between ADHD and control group disappear after one month of daily methylphenidate-OROS treatment. Subjects andmethods. Eleven children with ADHD were selected and as control group was chosen eleven children compared in age,intelligence quotient, school grade, and social-demographic status. Neuropsychological battery was administered in naive ADHD patients at three times, before treatment, after the first methylphenidate-OROS dose, and after one month of daily treatment. Simultaneously neuropsychological battery was administered to control group. Results. Statistically significant differences were found in neuropsychological variables of working memory after one month daily treatment with methylphenidate-OROS and attention parameters after only one dose in ADHD group. Differences between naive ADHD and controlgroup in terms of working memory were statistically significant before treatment but not after one month daily treatment. Conclusion. Methylphenidate-OROS improves attention achievement after the first dose and working memory after one month of daily treatment


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Metilfenidato/farmacocinética , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Atenção , Memória , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Estudos de Casos e Controles
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