[Comparison of a community-based nutritional intervention and a conventional nutritional intervention in Mayan communities in Mexico]. / Comparación de una intervención nutricional basada en la comunidad y una intervención nutricional convencional en localidades mayas de México.

Poor nutritional conditions persist in many Mayan communities in Yucatán, Mexico, even though various programs have been implemented. The study aimed to compare the effects of a community-based nutritional intervention with an intercultural focus versus a conventional nutritional intervention on body mass index (BMI) and diet in women in Mayan communities in Yucatán. The sample included adult women with BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 from neighboring rural Mayan villages. Both interventions lasted three months with 11 sessions and followed the prevailing guidelines. The community-based intervention used an intercultural tool called Good Mayan Food [Plato del Bien Comer Maya], besides strategies designed according to information obtained from a prior qualitative study phase using interviews. The group that received the community-based intervention (n = 7), compared to the conventional intervention group (n = 9), showed larger decreases in BMI (-0.58 ± 0.70 kg/m2 and +0.27 ± 0.64kg/m2; p = 0.042), waist circumference (-2.15 ± 2.60 cm and -0.50 ± 0.75 cm; p = 0.042), and consumption of fats (-53.23 ± 21.92 grams and -7.34 ± 25.77 grams; p = 0.004), as well as higher increases in weekly consumption of some local foods such as nance fruit (p = 0.012), tamarind (p = 0.001), and chili peppers (p = 0.004). The community-based intervention was the only one to show a significant decrease in daily calorie intake (baseline: 2,067 ± 91 kcal/day, at three months: 1,474 ± 31 kcal/day; p = 0.018), and both groups showed decreases in the consumption of ultra-processed foods, but without significant differences between the two groups. The community-based intervention group showed better results than the conventional intervention group.

Las malas condiciones nutricionales en muchas localidades mayas de Yucatán, México, persisten, a pesar de que se han implementado diversos programas. El objetivo fue comparar los efectos de una intervención nutricional basada en la comunidad con enfoque intercultural (INBC) y una intervención nutricional convencional (INC), sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la dieta en mujeres de localidades mayas de Yucatán. Fueron incluidas mujeres adultas con IMC ≥ 25kg/m2 de dos pequeñas localidades rurales mayas vecinas. Ambas intervenciones fueron de tres meses y con 11 sesiones, siguiendo la normatividad vigente; en la INBC fue utilizada la herramienta intercultural, denominada Plato del Bien Comer Maya, además se incluyeron en la INBC estrategias diseñadas con base en información obtenida en una fase previa de estudio cualitativo con entrevistas. El grupo con la INBC (n = 7), en comparación con el grupo con la INC (n = 9), tuvo una mayor disminución de IMC (-0,58 ± 0,70 kg/m2 y +0,27 ± 0,64 kg/m2; p = 0,042), de la circunferencia de cintura (-2,15 ± 2,60 cm y -0,50 ± 0,75 cm; p = 0,042) y del consumo de grasas (-53,23 ± 21,92 gramos y -7,34 ± 25,77 gramos; p = 0,004), así como mayor incremento en las frecuencias semanales de consumo de algunos alimentos locales como nance (p = 0,012), tamarindo (p = 0,001) y chile (p = 0,004), la INBC fue la única que presentó una disminución significativa en el consumo diario de calorías (basal: 2.067 ± 91 kcal/día, a los tres meses: 1.474 ± 31 kcal/día; p = 0,018), hubo en ambos grupos disminuciones en el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, pero sin diferencias comparando los grupos; el grupo con la INBC obtuvo mejores resultados que el grupo con la INC.

As más condições nutricionais em muitas localidades maias de Yucatán (México) persistem apesar da implementação de diversos programas. O objetivo era comparar os impactos de uma intervenção nutricional baseada na comunidade com enfoque intercultural (INBC) e uma intervenção nutricional convencional (INC), sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a dieta de mulheres de localidades maias de Yucatán. Foram incluídas mulheres adultas com IMC ≥ 25kg/m2 de duas pequenas localidades rurais maias vizinhas. Ambas as intervenções duraram três meses e contaram com 11 sessões, conforme as normas vigentes; na INBC, foi utilizada a ferramenta intercultural denominada Prato de Comer Bem Maia [Plato del Bien Comer Maya], além de estratégias adicionais idealizadas com base em dados obtidos em uma fase prévia de estudo qualitativo com entrevistas. Em comparação com o grupo com a INC (n = 9), o grupo com a INBC (n = 7) teve maior diminuição de IMC (-0,58 ± 0,70 kg/m2 e +0,27 ± 0,64 kg/m2; p = 0,042), da circunferência abdominal (-2,15 ± 2,60 cm y -0,50 ± 0,75 cm; p = 0,042) e do consumo de gorduras (-53,23 ± 21,92 gramas y -7,34 ± 25,77 gramas; p = 0,004), bem como um aumento maior das frequências semanais de consumo de alguns alimentos locais como o murici (p = 0,012), o tamarindo (p = 0,001) e pimenta (p = 0,004). A INBC foi a única a apresentar uma diminuição significativa do consumo diário de calorias (inicial: 2.067 ± 91 kcal/dia, após três meses: 1.474 ± 31 kcal/dia; p = 0.018). Houve em ambos os grupos redução equivalente do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados; o grupo com a INBC obteve melhores resultados que o grupo com a INC.

Comparación de una intervención nutricional basada en la comunidad y una intervención nutricional convencional en localidades mayas de México / Comparison of a community-based nutritional intervention and a conventional nutritional intervention in Mayan communities in Mexico / Comparação entre uma intervenção nutricional baseada na comunidade e uma intervenção nutricional convencional em localidades maias de México

Las malas condiciones nutricionales en muchas localidades mayas de Yucatán, México, persisten, a pesar de que se han implementado diversos programas. El objetivo fue comparar los efectos de una intervención nutricional basada en la comunidad con enfoque intercultural (INBC) y una intervención nutricional convencional (INC), sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la dieta en mujeres de localidades mayas de Yucatán. Fueron incluidas mujeres adultas con IMC ≥ 25kg/m2 de dos pequeñas localidades rurales mayas vecinas. Ambas intervenciones fueron de tres meses y con 11 sesiones, siguiendo la normatividad vigente; en la INBC fue utilizada la herramienta intercultural, denominada Plato del Bien Comer Maya, además se incluyeron en la INBC estrategias diseñadas con base en información obtenida en una fase previa de estudio cualitativo con entrevistas. El grupo con la INBC (n = 7), en comparación con el grupo con la INC (n = 9), tuvo una mayor disminución de IMC (-0,58 ± 0,70 kg/m2 y +0,27 ± 0,64 kg/m2; p = 0,042), de la circunferencia de cintura (-2,15 ± 2,60 cm y -0,50 ± 0,75 cm; p = 0,042) y del consumo de grasas (-53,23 ± 21,92 gramos y -7,34 ± 25,77 gramos; p = 0,004), así como mayor incremento en las frecuencias semanales de consumo de algunos alimentos locales como nance (p = 0,012), tamarindo (p = 0,001) y chile (p = 0,004), la INBC fue la única que presentó una disminución significativa en el consumo diario de calorías (basal: 2.067 ± 91 kcal/día, a los tres meses: 1.474 ± 31 kcal/día; p = 0,018), hubo en ambos grupos disminuciones en el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, pero sin diferencias comparando los grupos; el grupo con la INBC obtuvo mejores resultados que el grupo con la INC.

Poor nutritional conditions persist in many Mayan communities in Yucatán, Mexico, even though various programs have been implemented. The study aimed to compare the effects of a community-based nutritional intervention with an intercultural focus versus a conventional nutritional intervention on body mass index (BMI) and diet in women in Mayan communities in Yucatán. The sample included adult women with BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 from neighboring rural Mayan villages. Both interventions lasted three months with 11 sessions and followed the prevailing guidelines. The community-based intervention used an intercultural tool called Good Mayan Food [Plato del Bien Comer Maya], besides strategies designed according to information obtained from a prior qualitative study phase using interviews. The group that received the community-based intervention (n = 7), compared to the conventional intervention group (n = 9), showed larger decreases in BMI (-0.58 ± 0.70 kg/m2 and +0.27 ± 0.64kg/m2; p = 0.042), waist circumference (-2.15 ± 2.60 cm and -0.50 ± 0.75 cm; p = 0.042), and consumption of fats (-53.23 ± 21.92 grams and -7.34 ± 25.77 grams; p = 0.004), as well as higher increases in weekly consumption of some local foods such as nance fruit (p = 0.012), tamarind (p = 0.001), and chili peppers (p = 0.004). The community-based intervention was the only one to show a significant decrease in daily calorie intake (baseline: 2,067 ± 91 kcal/day, at three months: 1,474 ± 31 kcal/day; p = 0.018), and both groups showed decreases in the consumption of ultra-processed foods, but without significant differences between the two groups. The community-based intervention group showed better results than the conventional intervention group.

As más condições nutricionais em muitas localidades maias de Yucatán (México) persistem apesar da implementação de diversos programas. O objetivo era comparar os impactos de uma intervenção nutricional baseada na comunidade com enfoque intercultural (INBC) e uma intervenção nutricional convencional (INC), sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a dieta de mulheres de localidades maias de Yucatán. Foram incluídas mulheres adultas com IMC ≥ 25kg/m2 de duas pequenas localidades rurais maias vizinhas. Ambas as intervenções duraram três meses e contaram com 11 sessões, conforme as normas vigentes; na INBC, foi utilizada a ferramenta intercultural denominada Prato de Comer Bem Maia [Plato del Bien Comer Maya], além de estratégias adicionais idealizadas com base em dados obtidos em uma fase prévia de estudo qualitativo com entrevistas. Em comparação com o grupo com a INC (n = 9), o grupo com a INBC (n = 7) teve maior diminuição de IMC (-0,58 ± 0,70 kg/m2 e +0,27 ± 0,64 kg/m2; p = 0,042), da circunferência abdominal (-2,15 ± 2,60 cm y -0,50 ± 0,75 cm; p = 0,042) e do consumo de gorduras (-53,23 ± 21,92 gramas y -7,34 ± 25,77 gramas; p = 0,004), bem como um aumento maior das frequências semanais de consumo de alguns alimentos locais como o murici (p = 0,012), o tamarindo (p = 0,001) e pimenta (p = 0,004). A INBC foi a única a apresentar uma diminuição significativa do consumo diário de calorias (inicial: 2.067 ± 91 kcal/dia, após três meses: 1.474 ± 31 kcal/dia; p = 0.018). Houve em ambos os grupos redução equivalente do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados; o grupo com a INBC obteve melhores resultados que o grupo com a INC.

Replication of Integrative Data Analysis for Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Low-Grade Inflammation, Postprandial Responses and OMICs Signatures in Symptom-Free Adults.

We previously reported preliminary characterization of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction through the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) and fasting/postprandial (F/P) gene expression in subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue (AT) biopsies obtained from participants in the GEMM study, a precision medicine research project. Here we present integrative data replication of previous findings from an increased number of GEMM symptom-free (SF) adults (N = 124) to improve characterization of early biomarkers for cardiovascular (CV)/immunometabolic risk in SF adults with AT dysfunction. We achieved this goal by taking advantage of the rich set of GEMM F/P 5 h time course data and three tissue samples collected at the same time and frequency on each adult participant (F/P blood, biopsies of SQAT and skeletal muscle (SKM)). We classified them with the presence/absence of AT dysfunction: low (<1) or high (>1) ALR. We also examined the presence of metabolically healthy (MH)/unhealthy (MUH) individuals through low-grade chronic subclinical inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), whole body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) and Metabolic Syndrome criteria in people with/without AT dysfunction. Molecular data directly measured from three tissues in a subset of participants allowed fine-scale multi-OMIC profiling of individual postprandial responses (RNA-seq in SKM and SQAT, miRNA from plasma exosomes and shotgun lipidomics in blood). Dynamic postprandial immunometabolic molecular endophenotypes were obtained to move towards a personalized, patient-defined medicine. This study offers an example of integrative translational research, which applies bench-to-bedside research to clinical medicine. Our F/P study design has the potential to characterize CV/immunometabolic early risk detection in support of precision medicine and discovery in SF individuals.

Ultra-processed diet, systemic oxidative stress, and breach of immunologic tolerance.

In recent years, consumption of ultra-processed food around the world has been increasing. The nutritional profile of an ultra-processed diet is associated with the development of cellular alterations that lead to oxidative stress. The chronic prooxidative state leads to an environment that influences the proliferation, apoptosis, and signaling pathways of immune cells. Likewise, the decrease in the transcription factor NRF2, owing to exacerbated production of reactive oxygen species, leads to changes in immune function and response to infections. This review aims to analyze the connection between an ultra-processed diet, systemic oxidative stress, and immune tolerance, as a contribution to the scientific evidence on the impact of oxidative stress on health and the possible risk of infections-an important consideration in the association of eating pattern and the immune response.

Peer Support Added to Diabetes Education Improves Metabolic Control and Quality of Life in Mayan Adults Living With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Yucatán, located in the southern region of Mexico, is the state with the country's highest prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes. Because of its particular cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, the residents of Yucatán face unique health-care challenges. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of peer support added to a diabetes education program on glycemic control and diabetes-related quality of life when compared with a conventional diabetes education program in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Mayan community in Mexico. METHODS: In March 2015, a total of 58 participants with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who were recruited from community health centres in Komchén were randomly assigned in equal numbers to 1 of 2 groups: 1) a peer support and diabetes self-management education group (PSEG) or 2) a conventional diabetes self-management education-only group. The primary outcomes of interest were glycated hemoglobin (A1C) values and diabetes-related quality of life. The majority of subjects were bilingual (Mayan and Spanish speakers), female and middle aged, and had a low level of formal education and high baseline A1C (mean, 8.7%). RESULTS: Whereas both groups showed significant improvements from baseline to study end in absolute levels of A1C, the PSEG group had a more pronounced clinical improvement, but no statistical improvement, in A1C compared with the conventional diabetes self-management education-only group. PSEG participants exhibited statistically significant improvement in diabetes-related quality of life at 8 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the benefits of peer-support education above and beyond the impact of diabetes self-management education on diabetes-related quality of life in an underserved Mayan community in Mexico.

Towards precision medicine: defining and characterizing adipose tissue dysfunction to identify early immunometabolic risk in symptom-free adults from the GEMM family study.

Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes are early molecular factors influencing adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, resulting in high leptin, low adiponectin circulating levels and low-grade metaflammation, leading to insulin resistance (IR) with increased cardiovascular risk. We report the characterization of AT dysfunction through measurements of the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR), the adipo-insulin resistance index (Adipo-IRi), fasting/postprandial (F/P) immunometabolic phenotyping and direct F/P differential gene expression in AT biopsies obtained from symptom-free adults from the GEMM family study. AT dysfunction was evaluated through associations of the ALR with F/P insulin-glucose axis, lipid-lipoprotein metabolism, and inflammatory markers. A relevant pattern of negative associations between decreased ALR and markers of systemic low-grade metaflammation, HOMA, and postprandial cardiovascular risk hyperinsulinemic, triglyceride and GLP-1 curves was found. We also analysed their plasma non-coding microRNAs and shotgun lipidomics profiles finding trends that may reflect a pattern of adipose tissue dysfunction in the fed and fasted state. Direct gene differential expression data showed initial patterns of AT molecular signatures of key immunometabolic genes involved in AT expansion, angiogenic remodelling and immune cell migration. These data reinforce the central, early role of AT dysfunction at the molecular and systemic level in the pathogenesis of IR and immunometabolic disorders.

[Adolescents opinions regarding Plato del Bien Comer Maya as nutrition health promotion tool.] / Opiniones de adolescentes sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya como herramienta de promoción de la salud.

OBJECTIVE: To know opinions of adolescents from Cholul, Yucatán, about Plato del Bien Comer Maya in order to improve it as health promotion tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative study, formative research. Three focus groups were carried out, participating 28 adolescents: 12-16 years old. Criteria of inclusion: studying middle school; to have native family from the town. Analysis of the data made manually. RESULTS: Comparatively with the national Plato del Bien Comer, the Plato Maya was better identified because have local food products easier to obtain and cheaper. The principal finding was to understand Fruto is a linguistic variation word which represents in Maya context both fruits and vegetables. This might be an important key to improve health promotion activities with that population. CONCLUSIONS: In order to have better results in nutritional interventions, it is necessary to design educational-communicative strategies in accordance with the local culture.

OBJETIVO: Conocer opiniones sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya de adolescentes de Cholul, Yucatán, para mejorar la herramienta comunicativa y utilizarla en actividades depromoción de la salud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo, de investigación formativa. Se realizaron tres grupos focales, participaron 28 adolescentes de secundaria: 12-16 años. Criterios de inclusión: pertenecer a alguno de los tres grados de la escuela y tener familias originarias del poblado. El análisis de los datos se realizó manualmente. RESULTADOS: En comparación con el Plato del Bien Comer nacional, el Plato Maya fue mejor identificado por tener elementos locales a los que pueden acceder fácilmente y con costos menores. Se identificó la palabra fruto como una variación lingüística que representa en ese contexto tanto a las frutas como a las verduras. CONCLUSIONES: Para tener mejores resultados en intervenciones nutricionales es necesario diseñar estrategias educativo-comunicativas acordes con la cultura local.

Opiniones de adolescentes sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya como herramienta de promoción de la salud / Adolescents opinions regarding Plato del Bien Comer Maya as nutrition health promotion tool

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer opiniones sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya de adolescentes de Cholul, Yucatán, para mejorar la herramienta comunicativa y utilizarla en actividades de promoción de la salud. Material y métodos: Estudio cualitativo, de investigación formativa. Se realizaron tres grupos focales, participaron 28 adolescentes de secundaria: 12-16 años. Criterios de inclusión: pertenecer a alguno de los tres grados de la escuela y tener familias originarias del poblado. El análisis de los datos se realizó manualmente. Resultados: En comparación con el Plato del Bien Comer nacional, el Plato Maya fue mejor identificado por tener elementos locales a los que pueden acceder fácilmente y con costos menores. Se identificó la palabra fruto como una variación lingüística que representa en ese contexto tanto a las frutas como a las verduras. Conclusiones: Para tener mejores resultados en intervenciones nutricionales es necesario diseñar estrategias educativo-comunicativas acordes con la cultura local.

Abstract : Objective: To know opinions of adolescents from Cholul, Yucatán, about Plato del Bien Comer Maya in order to improve it as health promotion tool. Materials and methods: Qualitative study, formative research. Three focus groups were carried out, participating 28 adolescents: 12-16 years old. Criteria of inclusion: studying middle school; to have native family from the town. Analysis of the data made manually. Results: Comparatively with the national Plato del Bien Comer, the Plato Maya was better identified because have local food products easier to obtain and cheaper. The principal finding was to understand Fruto is a linguistic variation word which represents in Maya context both fruits and vegetables. This might be an important key to improve health promotion activities with that population. Conclusions: In order to have better results in nutritional interventions, it is necessary to design educational-communicative strategies in accordance with the local culture.

Remisión de síndrome metabólico con cirugía bariátrica / Remission of metabolic syndrome with bariatric surgery

Resumen: OBJETIVO Determinar el alivio de comorbilidades en pacientes a los que se les practicó cirugía bariátrica en el Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO Estudio retrospectivo observacional efectuado de 2011 a 2014, en el que se incluyeron pacientes con índice de masa corporal ≥ 40 kg/m2o ≥ 35 kg/m2 con comorbilidades a quienes se les efectuó cirugía bariátrica. Los criterios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólico fueron los de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes válidos para población mexicana. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 67 pacientes a los que se les hizo cirugía bariátrica (bypass gástrico en Y de Roux por laparoscopia); 79% eran mujeres, el rango de edad fue de 19-55 años con media de 36.5 ± 8.2 años. El promedio de peso antes de la cirugía fue de 119.4±20 kg. El promedio del porcentaje de pérdida de peso posoperatorio fue de 19.8, 27.9 y 34.3% a 3, 6 y 12 meses. La media del peso, índice de masa corporal, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, colesterol total, LDL, HDL y glucosa disminuyeron significativamente (p< 0.001) un año después de la intervención quirúrgica. Los porcentajes de remisión fueron: síndrome metabólico, diabetes mellitus y col-HDL bajo: 100%, hipertensión arterial: 94.1%, hipertrigliceridemia: 60.9%. CONCLUSIÓN A 12 meses de la intervención quirúrgica, las remisiones de síndrome metabólico, diabetes mellitus y HDL bajo fueron del 100% y mayores a 60% en los otros componentes del síndrome metabólico.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine the relief of comorbidities in patients undergoing bariatric surgery of metabolic syndrome in the Regional Hospital of High Specialty of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD A retrospective observational study was done from 2011 to 2014 in patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2 or ≥ 35 kg/m2 with comorbidities undergoing bariatric surgery. The diagnostic criteria of the metabolic syndrome were those of the International Diabetes Federation applied to the Mexican population. RESULTS A total of 67 patients undergoing bariatric surgery (laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) were included in the study; 79% were women, the age range was 19-55 years with an average of 36.5 ± 8.2 years. The average weight before surgery was 119.4 ± 20 kg. The average percentage of postoperative weight loss was 19.8%, 27.9% and 34.3% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. The mean weight, BMI, systolic and dyastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.001) one year after surgery. The percentages of remission were: metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and low HDL-cholesterol: 100%, arterial hypertension: 94.1%, hypertriglyceridemia: 60.9%. CONCLUSION At twelve months, the remissions of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and low HDL were 100%, being greater than 60% in the other components of the metabolic syndrome.

Replication of obesity and diabetes-related SNP associations in individuals from Yucatán, México.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising rapidly and in Mexicans is ~19%. T2D is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Although specific genes have been implicated in T2D risk few of these findings are confirmed in studies of Mexican subjects. Our aim was to replicate associations of 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 10 genes with T2D-related phenotypes in a community-based Mexican cohort. Unrelated individuals (n = 259) living in southeastern Mexico were enrolled in the study based at the University of Yucatan School of Medicine in Merida. Phenotypes measured included anthropometric measurements, circulating levels of adipose tissue endocrine factors (leptin, adiponectin, pro-inflammatory cytokines), and insulin, glucose, and blood pressure. Association analyses were conducted by measured genotype analysis implemented in SOLAR, adapted for unrelated individuals. SNP Minor allele frequencies ranged from 2.2 to 48.6%. Nominal associations were found for CNR1, SLC30A8, GCK, and PCSK1 SNPs with systolic blood pressure, insulin and glucose, and for CNR1, SLC30A8, KCNJ11, and PCSK1 SNPs with adiponectin and leptin (p < 0.05). P-values greater than 0.0014 were considered significant. Association of SNPs rs10485170 of CNR1 and rs5215 of KCNJ11 with adiponectin and leptin, respectively, reached near significance (p = 0.002). Significant association (p = 0.001) was observed between plasma leptin and rs5219 of KCNJ11.

Análisis del efecto de la sal en el desarrollo de obesidad / Analysis of the effect of salt intake on the development of obesity

Introducción: el transporte de la glucosa y de muchos aminoácidos en el intestino es realizado por el cotransportador SGLT1 únicamente si esta unido al ion sodio. La sal aporta un ion sodio por cada molécula que se consume y en los humanos su ingesta comúnmente es de diez veces más de la cantidad necesaria y generalmente se acompaña de dietas ricas en carbohidratos. Este trabajo se planteo pensando en que una estrategia simple para reducir de peso sería el disminuir la cantidad de sal en los alimentos. Objetivo: estudiar el efecto que tiene la sal en la dinámica de la absorción de glucosa y el efecto de una dieta rica en carbohidratos y sal en el desarrollo de obesidad en ratas Wistar. Métodos: para corroborar la hipótesis se evaluó el efecto de la sal en la dinámica de la absorción de la glucosa en el intestino realizando curvas de tolerancia a la glucosa con sal y sin sal. También se analizó si una dieta rica en carbohidratos y sal favorece el desarrollo de obesidad en ratas Wistar. Resultados: los experimentos mostraron que la ingesta de sal no influye en la dinámica de la absorción intestinal de la glucosa, ni en el desarrollo de obesidad en la rata Wistar. Conclusión: el sodio que de manera natural recircula desde el citoplasma de los enterocitos hacia la luz del intestino mantiene saturado al cotransportador de la glucosa SGLT1 y garantiza en todo momento el transporte de la glucosa que se ingiere en la dieta.

Introduction: Intestinal transport of glucose and many amino acids is performed by the SGLT1 cotransporter only when the latter is bound to the sodium ion. Salt contributes a sodium ion per molecule ingested. Human salt intake is often tenfold the required amount, and is generally accompanied by a carbohydrate-rich diet. The present study is based on the assumption that reducing the amount of salt in foods is a simple weight-loss strategy. Objective: Study the effect of salt on glucose absorption dynamics and the effect of a diet rich in carbohydrates and salt on the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Methods: To corroborate the hypothesis, an evaluation was conducted of the effect of salt on intestinal glucose absorption, based on glucose tolerance curves with and without salt. An analysis was also made of whether a diet rich in carbohydrates and salt leads to the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Results: Experiments showed that salt intake does not influence intestinal glucose absorption or the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Conclusion: Sodium naturally recirculating from the cytoplasm of enterocytes to the intestinal lumen keeps the SGLT1 glucose cotransporter saturated and at all times ensures the transport of the glucose ingested in the diet.

Análisis del efecto de la sal en el desarrollo de obesidad: ¿existe la obesidad salada? / Analysis of the effect of salt intake on the development of obesity: is there such a thing as "salty obesity"?

Objetivos: el transporte de la glucosa y de muchos aminoácidos en el intestino se realiza por el cotransportador SGLT1 únicamente si está unido al ion sodio. La sal aporta un ion sodio por cada molécula que se consume y en los humanos su ingesta comúnmente es de diez veces más de la cantidad necesaria y, por lo general, se acompaña de dietas ricas en carbohidratos. El presente proyecto evaluó, si el consumo abundante de sal en la dieta conlleva al desarrollo de obesidad. Este trabajo se planteó pensando en que una estrategia simple para reducir de peso sería el disminuir la cantidad de sal en los alimentos. Métodos: para corroborar la hipótesis se evaluó el efecto de la sal en la dinámica de la absorción de la glucosa en el intestino realizando curvas de tolerancia a la glucosa con sal y sin sal. También se analizó si una dieta rica en carbohidratos y sal favorece el desarrollo de obesidad en ratas wistar. Resultados: los experimentos mostraron que la ingesta de sal no influye en la dinámica de la absorción intestinal de la glucosa, ni en el desarrollo de obesidad en la rata wistar. Conclusión: el sodio que, de manera natural, recircula desde el citoplasma de los enterocitos hacia la luz del intestino mantiene saturado al cotransportador de la glucosa SGLT1 y garantiza, en todo momento, el transporte de la glucosa que se ingiere en la dieta.

Objectives: intestinal transport of glucose and many amino acids is performed by the SGLT1 cotransporter only when the latter is bound to the sodium ion. Salt contributes a sodium ion per molecule ingested. Human salt intake is often tenfold the required amount, and is generally accompanied by a carbohydrate-rich diet. The present paper evaluates whether an abundant salt intake leads to the development of obesity. It is based on the assumption that reducing the amount of salt in foods is a simple weight-loss strategy. Methods: to corroborate the hypothesis, an evaluation was conducted of the effect of salt on intestinal glucose absorption, based on tolerance curves for glucose with and without salt. An analysis was also made of whether a diet rich in carbohydrates and salt leads to the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Results: experiments showed that salt intake does not influence intestinal glucose absorption or the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Conclusion: sodium naturally recirculating from the cytoplasm of enterocytes to the intestinal lumen keeps the SGLT1 glucose cotransporter saturated and at all times ensures the transport of the glucose ingested in the diet.

Genómica nutricional: una aproximación de la interacción genoma-ambiente: [revisión] / Nutritional genomics: an approach to the genome-environment interaction: [review]

Nutritional genomics forms part of the genomic sciences and addresses the interaction between genes and the human diet, its influence on metabolism and subsequent susceptibility to develop common diseases. It encompasses both nutrigenomics, which explores the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome and metabolome; and nutrigenetics, that explores the effects of genetic variations on the diet/disease interaction. A number of mechanisms drive the gene/diet interaction: elements in the diet can act as links for transcription factor receptors and alter intermediary concentrations, thereby modifying chromatin and impacting genetic regulation; affect signal pathways, regulating phosphorylation of tyrosine in receptors; decrease signaling through the inositol pathway; and act through epigenetic mechanisms, silencing DNA fragments by methylation of cytosine. The signals generated by polyunsaturated fatty acids are so powerful that they can even bypass insulin mediated lipogenesis, stimulated by carbohydrates. Some fatty acids modify the expression of genes that participate in fatty acid transport  by lipoproteins. Nutritional genomics has myriad possible therapeutic and preventive applications: in patients with enzymatic deficiencies; in those with a genetic predisposition to complex diseases such as dyslipidemia, diabetes and cancer; in those that already suffer these diseases; in those with altered mood or memory; during the aging process; in pregnant women; and as a preventive measure in the healthy population.

[Nutritional genomics: an approach to the genome-environment interaction]. / Genómica nutricional: una aproximación de la interacción genoma-ambiente.

Nutritional genomics forms part of the genomic sciences and addresses the interaction between genes and the human diet, its influence on metabolism and subsequent susceptibility to develop common diseases. It encompasses both nutrigenomics, which explores the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome and metabolome; and nutrigenetics, that explores the effects of genetic variations on the diet/disease interaction. A number of mechanisms drive the gene/diet interaction: elements in the diet can act as links for transcription factor receptors and after intermediary concentrations, thereby modifying chromatin and impacting genetic regulation; affect signal pathways, regulating phosphorylation of tyrosine in receptors; decrease signaling through the inositol pathway; and act through epigenetic mechanisms, silencing DNA fragments by methylation of cytosine. The signals generated by polyunsaturated fatty acids are so powerful that they can even bypass insulin mediated lipogenesis, stimulated by carbohydrates. Some fatty acids modify the expression of genes that participate in fatty acid transport by lipoproteins. Nutritional genomics has myriad possible therapeutic and preventive applications: in patients with enzymatic deficiencies; in those with a genetic predisposition to complex diseases such as dyslipidemia, diabetes and cancer; in those that already suffer these diseases; in those with altered mood or memory; during the aging process; in pregnant women; and as a preventive measure in the healthy population.