[Factors associated to death in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19]. / Factores asociados a defunción en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 virus was notified by the World Health Organization in January 2020 as a global emergency, due to its intense transmission, and clinical picture, that is aggravated in susceptible people. OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors associated with death in COVID-19 and pneumonia patients hospitalized in a thirdlevel center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An undivided case-control study was carried out. It was conducted an interview to obtain general information; from the medical record were collected hospitalization data, radiological images, laboratory parameters, and treatments used. It was used descriptive statistics. Student's t, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-squared were used to identify variables associated with death, and models of adjusted binary logistic regression to propose which variables of the patient's history, clinical parameters and treatments explained the death. RESULTS: We treated 5339 patients with suspicion of COVID-19: 3117 positive (59%), 1029 hospitalized due to pneumonia, and 513 deaths (16.46%). For the analysis, 1110 patients were taken, 399 death cases were selected and 357 controls discharged due to improvement. The average age was 57.8 years; 59% were male. CONCLUSIONS: The variables associated with mortality were: patients older than 40 years, chest radiography image > 50% involvement, intubation, lactic dehydrogenase > 500, C-reactive protein > 10, and organ failure; variables associated with improvement were: stay in the intensive care unit, use of broad spectrum parenteral antibiotics, steroids, and use of the anticoagulant enoxyheparin. Sex, diabetes, and comorbidities did not show significant association.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el SARS-CoV-2 fue notificado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en enero de 2020 como emergencia mundial debido a su intenso contagio y cuadro clínico, que se agrava en personas susceptibles. OBJETIVO: describir factores asociados a defunción en pacientes con COVID-19 y neumonía hospitalizados en tercer nivel. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio de casos y controles no pareado. Se obtuvo información general mediante entrevista; del expediente se tomaron datos de hospitalización, imágenes radiológicas, parámetros de laboratorio y tratamientos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, t de student, U de Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrada para identificar variables asociadas a defunción, y modelos de regresión logística binaria ajustada para proponer variables de antecedentes del paciente, parámetros clínicos y tratamientos que explicaran la defunción. RESULTADOS: atendimos 5339 pacientes sospechosos de COVID-19: 3117 positivos (59%), 1029 hospitalizados por neumonía y 513 defunciones (16.46%). Para el análisis, se tomaron 1110, se seleccionaron 399 casos de defunción y 357 controles egresados por mejoría. La edad promedio fue 57.8 años; 59% fueron hombres. CONCLUSIONES: las variables asociadas a mortalidad fueron: mayores de 40 años, radiografía de tórax > 50% de afectación, intubación, deshidrogenasa láctica > 500, proteína C reactiva > 10 e insuficiencia orgánica; las asociadas a mejoría: estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de antibióticos parenterales de amplio espectro, esteroides y anticoagulante enoxiheparina. El sexo, la diabetes y las comorbilidades no mostraron asociación.

Factores asociados a defunción en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 / Factors associated to death in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19

Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 fue notificado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en enero de 2020 como emergencia mundial debido a su intenso contagio y cuadro clínico, que se agrava en personas susceptibles. Objetivo: describir factores asociados a defunción en pacientes con COVID-19 y neumonía hospitalizados en tercer nivel.Material y métodos: estudio de casos y controles no pareado. Se obtuvo información general mediante entrevista; del expediente se tomaron datos de hospitalización, imágenes radiológicas, parámetros de laboratorio y tratamientos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, t de student, U de Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrada para identificar variables asociadas a defunción, y modelos de regresión logística binaria ajustada para proponer variables de antecedentes del paciente, parámetros clínicos y tratamientos que explicaran la defunción.Resultados: atendimos 5339 pacientes sospechosos de COVID-19: 3117 positivos (59%), 1029 hospitalizados por neumonía y 513 defunciones (16.46%). Para el análisis, se tomaron 1110, se seleccionaron 399 casos de defunción y 357 controles egresados por mejoría. La edad promedio fue 57.8 años; 59% fueron hombres. La estancia hospitalaria en casos fue 9.8 (DE 10.9) y en controles 12.5 (DE 10.2).Conclusiones: las variables asociadas a mortalidad fueron: mayores de 40 años, radiografía de tórax > 50% de afectación, intubación, deshidrogenasa láctica > 500, proteína C reactiva > 10 e insuficiencia orgánica; las asociadas a mejoría: estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos, uso de antibióticos parenterales de amplio espectro, esteroides y anticoagulante enoxiheparina. El sexo, la diabetes y las comorbilidades no mostraron asociación.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 virus was notified by the World Health Organization in January 2020 as a global emergency, due to its intense transmission, and the clinical picture, that is aggravated in susceptible people.Objective: To describe the factors associated with death in COVID-19 and pneumonia patients hospitalized in a third-level center. Material and methods: An undivided case-control study was conducted. It was conducted an interview to obtain general information; from the medical record were collected hospitalization data, radiological images, laboratory parameters, and treatments used. It was used descriptive statistics. Student's t, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-squared were used to identify variables associated with death, and models of adjusted binary logistic regression to propose which variables of the patient's history, clinical parameters and treatments explained the death. Results: We treated 5339 patients with suspicion of COVID-19: 3117 positive (59%), 1029 hospitalized due to pneumonia, and 513 deaths (16.46%). For the analysis, 1110 patients were taken, 399 death cases were selected and 357 controls discharged due to improvement. The average age was 57.8 years; 59% were male. The hospital stay in cases was 9.8 (SD 10.9), and in controls 12.5 (SD 10.2). Conclusions: The variables associated with mortality were: patients older than 40 years, chest radiography image > 50% involvement, intubation, lactic dehydrogenase > 500, C-reactive protein > 10, and organ failure; variables associated with improvement were: stay in the intensive care unit, use of broad spectrum parenteral antibiotics, steroids, and use of the anticoagulant enoxyheparin. Sex, diabetes, and comorbidities did not show significant association.

[Clinical and angiographic manifestations inpatients without previous diagnosis of Takayasu´s arteritis]. / Manifestaciones clínicas y angiográficas en pacientes sin diagnóstico previo de arteritis de Takayasu.

INTRODUCTION: Takayasu's arteritis is a systemic vasculitis that affects the aorta and its main branches mainly seen in young women and it is characterized by decrease or absence of pulses. The arteriography is necessary to corroborate the diagnosis. The aim of this article is to analyze the clinical manifestations and radiological findings in patients with no previous diagnosis of TA. METHODS: The patients were sent to the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging for the performance of an angiography for cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in young patients, renovascular hypertension (RVH) and arterial insufficiency (IA) of limbs. Clinical manifestations were used to investigate the diagnosis of AT according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology 1990. A digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed and the type of AT was evaluated according to Numano classification. RESULTS: There were 10 women with an average age of 32.4±10 years. The reasons for the study of these patients were stroke in young patients 4, RVH 3 and AI of upper extremities 3 patients. The main types of TA were I: 50%, V: 40%, IV 10%. The main arterial involvement were the supraaortic trunk and both carotids 80%, right subclavian 80%, left subclavian 70%, left vertebral 40%, right vertebral 30%, thoracic aortic 40%, abdominal aortic 40%, right renal 40% and left renal 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent clinical manifestations were stroke in young patients, RVH and AI. The AT type I was the most common, followed by V and IV respectively, which explains the clinical manifestations.

Introducción: la arteritis de Takayasu (AT) es una vasculitis sistémica que afecta a la aorta y sus ramas principales, se distingue por disminución o ausencia de pulsos. La arteriografía corrobora el diagnóstico de AT. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las manifestaciones clínicas y hallazgos arteriográficos en pacientes sin diagnóstico previo de AT.Métodos: se estudiaron 10 pacientes enviadas al Departamento de Radiodiagnóstico para la realización de panangiografía por enfermedad cerebrovascular (EVC) en pacientes jóvenes, hipertensión renovascular (HRV) e insuficiencia arterial (IA) de alguna extremidad. Se investigaron manifestaciones clínicas orientadas al diagnóstico de AT y se realizó arteriografía con sustracción digital y ultrasonido Doppler color. A las pacientes se les realizó el diagnóstico de AT y por arteriografía se usó la clasificación de Numano.Resultados: la EVC en paciente joven se encontró en 4 casos, HRV en 3, e IA de las extremidades superiores en 3. Por arteriografía los tipos de AT fueron I: 50 %, V: 40 % y IV 10 %. La afección principal se demostró en los tronco supraaórticos y de estos las carótidas 80 %, subclavia derecha 80 %, subclavia izquierda 70 %, vertebral izquierda 40 %, vertebral derecha 30 %, aorta abdominal 40 %, renal derecha 40 % y renal izquierda 10 %.Conclusión: las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron: EVC, HRV e IA de las extremidades superior. La AT tipo I fue la más frecuente y explica las manifestaciones de EVC, seguida de la tipo V.

Primary and secondary central nervous system vasculitis: clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, neuroimaging, and treatment analysis.

The objectives of this study are to compare the initial clinical, laboratory, and imaging features in primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) vs secondary central nervous system vasculitis (SCNSV) and follow up after treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV-CYC) plus glucocorticosteroids (GCS): methylprednisolone (MP). Neurological, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings were analyzed in PCNSV and SCNSV patients. Cerebral biopsy (CB) was performed in nine patients. Both groups received at onset MP plus IV-CYC for 6 months, followed by bimonthly IV-CYC plus prednisone (PND) for 12 months. All patients were followed during 36 months. Thirty patients were included (12 PCNSV and 18 SCNSV). Focal and non-focal neurological manifestations were similar in both groups, headache being the most frequent manifestation in both groups. Fatigue, myalgias, arthralgias, neuropathy, low leukocytes and platelets, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), low complement, and rheumatoid factor were more frequent in SCNSV (p < 0.05). In cerebrospinal fluid, pleocytosis and proteins were higher in PCNSV (p < 0.05). Periventricular and subcortical hyperintense lesions were observed in cranial magnetic resonance imaging in both vasculitides. Cerebral angiography and angioresonance showed narrowing of vasculature in all patients in both groups. CB showed gliosis and lymphocytic infiltration within and around the walls in four patients and granulomatous infiltration in the other patients. After treatment, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed a higher relapse-free survival in PCNSV (p < 0.05). Neurological manifestations and neuroimaging findings were similar in both groups of vasculitides, but general symptoms, joint, musculoskeletal, and peripheral neuropathy were preponderant in SCNSV. After treatment with IV-CYC and GCS, patients with PCNSV had a higher relapse-free survival than those with SCNSV.

[Rosai-Dorfman disease with spinal and cranial tumors. A clinical case reported]. / Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman y lesiones espinales y craneales. Informe de un caso clínico.

Rosai-Dorfman disease, known as well as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, is a histiocytic proliferative disorder which may affect, with an extranodal presentation, the central nervous system, in 5 % of cases with exceptional reports of simultaneous development of spinal and cranial tumors. When it affects the central nervous system it appears more in men and it is shown as a mass in the cranial dura mater or in the spinal cord. The clinical symptoms of Rosai-Dorfman disease are fever, general malayse, weight loss, and nocturnal diaphoresis. Also, when Rosai-Dorfman disease affects the spinal cord, it has an impact on the thoracic spine, which causes paraparesis, quadriparesis, and sensory disorder. Histopathologically, the lymph nodes show emperipolesis. The diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease is usually good, since 40 % of the patients present a spontaneous remission if they are treated with oral corticosteroids, even though the lesion can be managed with fractionated radiotherapy or with radical surgery. We report the case of a 34-year-old male who started with spinal injuries, and a year later showed intracranial lesions.

La enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman, también conocida como histiocitosis sinusal con linfadenopatía masiva, es un trastorno histiocítico proliferativo que puede tener presentación extraganglionar a nivel del sistema nervioso central en 5 % de los casos, con reportes excepcionales de desarrollo de tumoraciones espinales y craneales de manera simultánea. Cuando afecta al sistema nervioso central tiene mayor presencia en los hombres y se manifiesta como una masa en la duramadre craneal o en la médula espinal. Fiebre, una sensación de malestar general, diaforesis nocturna y pérdida de peso son los síntomas clínicos de la enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman. Asimismo, cuando esta afecta la médula espinal, la incidencia se da en la columna torácica, lo cual se manifiesta con paraparesia, cuadriparesia y trastornos sensoriales. Histopatológicamente, los ganglios linfáticos presentan linfofagocitosis o emperipolesis. El pronóstico de la enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman suele ser bueno, pues 40 % de los pacientes experimenta una remisión espontánea al ser tratados con corticosteroides orales, si bien la enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman también se puede manejar a largo plazo con dosis bajas de radioterapia fraccionada o, incluso, con una cirugía radical de la lesión. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 34 años que inicia con lesiones espinales y un año después presentó lesiones intracraneales.

[Marfan's syndrome presented with dissected thoraco-abdominal aneurism and pregnancy. A case report]. / Síndrome de Marfán, aneurisma toracoabdominal disecado y embarazo. Informe de un caso.

A 39-year-old patient diagnosed two years previously with Marfan Syndrome (MS) and thoraco-abdominal aneurysm, both presented with the following symptoms: occasional mild effort dyspnea and thoracic pain. The patient started her current illness at 28 weeks of pregnancy with an exacerbation of a deep, oppressive thoracic pain and orthopnea. The echocardiogram showed a 10 cm diameter aortic aneurysm with involvement of the aortic root, tho-racoabdominal and dissection. The computed tomography reported aneurysmatic dilatation of the aortic root and dissection of the thoracic and abdominal portion. Until the delivery of pregnancy the patient was treated successfully with meto-prolol, prazocin, and diuretics. A cesarean section at 29 weeks of pregnancy was practiced.