Survivin in Breast Cancer: A Review.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and ranks second among causes for cancer-related death in women. Gene technology has led to the recognition that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease composed of different biological subtypes, and genetic profiling enables the response to chemotherapy to be predicted. This fact emphasizes the importance of selecting sensitive diagnostic and prognostic markers in the early disease stage and more efficient targeted treatments for this disease. One such prognostic marker appears to be survivin. Many studies have shown that survivin is strongly expressed in different types of cancers. Its overexpression has been demonstrated in breast cancer, and high activity of the survivin gene has been associated with a poor prognosis and worse survival rates.

Neurodegeneration, demyelination, and astrogliosis in rat spinal cord by chronic lead treatment.

Early exposure to lead (Pb) has been associated with an elevated risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. There is evidence that neuronal damage in chronic Pb exposure can be caused by the convergence of glial damage. Apoptosis may be a possible mechanism of Pb-induced cell death in the central nervous system. We tested cellular damage and apoptosis in the spinal cord of Wistar rats treated with Pb. Twelve rats were divided into two groups (n = 6): the control group was treated with only drinking water and the other group received 500 ppm of Pb acetate. After 3 months of Pb treatment, all animals were euthanized and spinal cords were extracted. Morphology was evaluated by Nissl and Kluver-Barrera stainings. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Specific antibodies were used to evaluate Pb damage in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. A large number of apoptotic bodies was observed in the white matter of the Pb-treated group. The Pb-treated group also showed a reduced number of neurons and oligodendrocytes but had an increased number of astrocytes compared with the nontreated group. Our results demonstrate that chronic Pb treatment induces neurodegeneration, demyelination, and astrogliosis in the rat spinal cord.

Toxic Effect of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic on the Sertoli Cell: Mechanisms of Damage Involved.

Over the past decades, an increase has been described in exposure to environmental toxins; consequently, a series of studies has been carried out with the aim of identifying problems associated with health. One of the main risk factors is exposure to heavy metals. The adverse effects that these compounds exert on health are quite complex and difficult to elucidate, in that they act at different levels and there are various signaling pathways that are implicated in the mechanisms of damage. The Sertoli cells plays a role of vital importance during the process of spermatogenesis, and it has been identified as one of the principal targets of heavy metals. In the present review, cadmium, lead, and arsenic are broached as altering the physiology of the Sertoli cells, citing mechanisms that have been cited in the literature.

Localization of α-Dystrobrevin in Cajal Bodies and Nucleoli: A New Role for α-Dystrobrevin in the Structure/Stability of the Nucleolus.

α-Dystrobrevin (α-DB) is a cytoplasmic component of the dystrophin-associated complex involved in cell signaling; however, its recently revealed nuclear localization implies a role for this protein in the nucleus. Consistent with this, we demonstrated, in a previous work that α-DB1 isoform associates with the nuclear lamin to maintain nuclei morphology. In this study, we show the distribution of the α-DB2 isoform in different subnuclear compartments of N1E115 neuronal cells, including nucleoli and Cajal bodies, where it colocalizes with B23/nucleophosmin and Nopp140 and with coilin, respectively. Recovery in a pure nucleoli fraction undoubtedly confirms the presence of α-DB2 in the nucleolus. α-DB2 redistributes in a similar fashion to that of fibrillarin and Nopp140 upon actinomycin-mediated disruption of nucleoli and to that of coilin after disorganization of Cajal bodies through ultraviolet-irradiation, with relocalization of the proteins to the corresponding reassembled structures after cessation of the insults, which implies α-DB2 in the plasticity of these nuclear bodies. That localization of α-DB2 in the nucleolus is physiologically relevant is demonstrated by the fact that downregulation of α-DB2 resulted in both altered nucleoli structure and decreased levels of B23/nucleophosmin, fibrillarin, and Nopp140. Since α-DB2 interacts with B23/nucleophosmin and overexpression of the latter protein favors nucleolar accumulation of α-DB2, it appears that targeting of α-DB2 to the nucleolus is dependent on B23/nucleophosmin. In conclusion, we show for the first time localization of α-DB2 in nucleoli and Cajal bodies and provide evidence that α-DB2 is involved in the structure of nucleoli and might modulate nucleolar functions.