Desestabilización lipídica por heparina en mezcla ternaria para la nutrición parenteral pediátrica y factores desencadenantes / Lipid destabilisation in a ternary admixture for paediatric parenteral nutrition due to heparin and trigger factors

La preparación de nutrición parenteral pediátrica está sujeta a una gran variabilidad. Hay muchos puntos en los que todavía la falta de consenso es clara. Entre ellos destacan: el empleo de sales orgánicas o inorgánicas de fosfato o calcio, la elaboración de mezclas binarias o ternarias, el tipo de lípidos utilizados, el empleo o no de heparina o carnitina, etc. La estandarización en el proceso de elaboración es imprescindible para garantizar la estabilidad de las mezclas preparadas. Sin embargo, no hay información de cómo predecir de forma exacta dicha estabilidad, sobre todo cuando se trata de mezclas ternarias. Por ello, cualquier cambio introducido puede desencadenar un proceso de desestabilización que comprometa la seguridad de nuestros pacientes. Exponemos un caso de nutrición parenteral pediátrica ternaria en el que se produjo fenómeno decreaming. Describimos cuáles fueron los factores desencadenantes del mismo y las medidas introducidas para evitar su aparición (AU)

The preparation of paediatric parenteral nutrition admixtures varies greatly. There is still a clear lack of consensus on many points. These points include the use of organic or inorganic phosphate or calcium salts, preparing binary or ternary mixtures, the type of lipid used, and the addition or suppression of heparin or carnitine, etc. The process must be standardised in order to guarantee that prepared mixtures will be stable. However, there is still no information on how to predict their stability with any degree of precision, particularly for ternary mixtures. For that reason, any change applied may trigger a destabilisation process that places patient safety at risk.We describe a case of a ternary paediatric parenteral nutrition admixture in which creaming was observed. We indicate the factors that gave rise to this phenomenon and the measures taken to avoid it (AU)

Lipid destabilisation in a ternary admixture for paediatric parenteral nutrition due to heparin and trigger factors.

The preparation of paediatric parenteral nutrition admixtures varies greatly. There is still a clear lack of consensus on many points. These points include the use of organic or inorganic phosphate or calcium salts, preparing binary or ternary mixtures, the type of lipid used, and the addition or suppression of heparin or carnitine, etc. The process must be standardised in order to guarantee that prepared mixtures will be stable. However, there is still no information on how to predict their stability with any degree of precision, particularly for ternary mixtures. For that reason, any change applied may trigger a destabilisation process that places patient safety at risk. We describe a case of a ternary paediatric parenteral nutrition admixture in which creaming was observed. We indicate the factors that gave rise to this phenomenon and the measures taken to avoid it.

Evaluación de lenalidomida en el tratamiento del mieloma múltiple, la mielofibrosis y el síndrome mielodisplásico / Assessing lenalidomide for treating multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome

Objetivo La lenalidomida (LDM) es un agente inmunomodulador y antiangiogénico que ha demostrado su eficacia en varios trastornos hematológicos (mieloma múltiple [MM], metaplasma mieloide con mielofibrosis [MF] y síndrome mielodisplásico [SMD]). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad y la tolerabilidad de la LDM en nuestros pacientes. Método Estudio retrospectivo observacional que incluyó a los pacientes de nuestro hospital en seguimiento por la consulta de Hematología que fueron diagnosticados de MM, MF y SMD, y que eran candidatos a recibir tratamiento con LDM. La evaluación de la eficacia se realizó transcurridos aproximadamente 4 ciclos desde el inicio del tratamiento. Resultados Desde febrero de 2007 hasta marzo de 2008 fueron 16 los pacientes candidatos a recibir tratamiento con LDM (50% mujeres, 50% varones, con una edad media de 69,6 años), aunque 3 de ellos no llegaron a iniciarlo. De los 6 pacientes con MM tratados en nuestro hospital, 5 de ellos obtuvieron algún tipo de respuesta (83,3%). De los 4 pacientes con MF, 2 (66,6%) experimentaron algún tipo de respuesta al tratamiento. De los 6 pacientes diagnosticados de SMD, únicamente se inició el tratamiento en 3, y en 2 de ellos se tuvo que suspender por distintas causas. Destacamos que únicamente hubo que suspender el tratamiento en dos de los 13 pacientes que lo iniciaron (15,4%) por los efectos adversos. Conclusión La LDM consigue, con buena tolerancia, beneficio clínico mantenido sobre todo en el MM y la MF. Son necesarios más estudios que profundicen en la duración del tratamiento, en nuevas indicaciones y en el uso de tratamientos combinados con otros agentes (AU)

Objective Lenalidomide (LDM) is an immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic drug which has been shown to be effective in several haematological disorders (multiple myeloma [MM], myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis [MF] and myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS]). The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of LDM in our patients. Method Retrospective observational study which included patients at our hospital who were monitored by the haematology unit, diagnosed with MM, MF and MDS and candidates for LDM treatment. Treatment effectiveness was assessed after approximately 4 cycles of treatment. Results Between February 2007 and March 2008, 16 patients were listed as candidates for receiving treatment with LDM (50% female/50% male, with a mean age of 69.6 years); of these candidates, 3 never initiated treatment. Five of the six patients with MM treated at our hospital obtained some sort of response (83.3%). Of the 4 patients with MF, 2 (66.6%) experienced some sort of response to treatment. Of the 6 patients diagnosed with MDS, treatment was initiated in 3, and it had to be suspended in 2 cases due to different reasons. Treatment only had to be suspended in two of the 13 patients who began it (15.4%) due to adverse effects (AE).Conclusion LDM is well-tolerated and produces sustained clinical benefits, especially in MM and MF. More studies are needed for in-depth examination of treatment duration, new indications and the use of treatments combined with other drugs (AU)

[Assessing lenalidomide for treating multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome]. / Evaluación de lenalidomida en el tratamiento del mieloma múltiple, la mielofibrosis y el síndrome mielodisplásico.

OBJECTIVE: Lenalidomide (LDM) is an immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic drug which has been shown to be effective in several haematological disorders (multiple myeloma [MM], myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis [MF] and myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS]). The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of LDM in our patients. METHOD: Retrospective observational study which included patients at our hospital who were monitored by the haematology unit, diagnosed with MM, MF and MDS and candidates for LDM treatment. Treatment effectiveness was assessed after approximately 4 cycles of treatment. RESULTS: Between February 2007 and March 2008, 16 patients were listed as candidates for receiving treatment with LDM (50% female/50% male, with a mean age of 69.6 years); of these candidates, 3 never initiated treatment. Five of the six patients with MM treated at our hospital obtained some sort of response (83.3%). Of the 4 patients with MF, 2 (66.6%) experienced some sort of response to treatment. Of the 6 patients diagnosed with MDS, treatment was initiated in 3, and it had to be suspended in 2 cases due to different reasons. Treatment only had to be suspended in two of the 13 patients who began it (15.4%) due to adverse effects (AE). CONCLUSION: LDM is well-tolerated and produces sustained clinical benefits, especially in MM and MF. More studies are needed for in-depth examination of treatment duration, new indications and the use of treatments combined with other drugs.

Angioedema asociado con enalapril / No disponible

No disponible

[ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome during pregnancy: a case report and review of therapeutic options]. / Síndrome coronario agudo con elevación de ST durante el embarazo: descripción de un caso y revisión de las opciones terapéuticas.

ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is a clinical condition that is rarely observed in pregnant women. However, its manifestation is a situation of high maternal-fetal risk. Pharmacotherapeutical management of these patients is difficult and requires individualized care by a multidisciplinary team since many of the standard treatments are included within the categories of teratogencity C or D of the Food and Drug Administration and experience with techniques such as coronary angioplasty with stent placement is scarce. The case of a 32-year woman who was 11 weeks pregnant and diagnosed of acute coronary syndrome with ST segment and its therapeutic approach are described. Furthermore, the information available on epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome with ST segment during pregnancy and the specific role of the currently available treatment options are reviewed.

Síndrome coronario agudo con elevación de ST durante el embarazo: descripción de un caso y revisión de las opciones terapéuticas / ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome during pregnancy: a case report and review of therapeutic options

El síndrome coronario agudo con elevación de ST (SCACEST) es una entidad clínica que rara vez se observa en mujeres embarazadas, pero cuya manifestación constituye una situación de alto riesgo materno-fetal. El manejo farmacoterapéutico de estas pacientes es difícil y requiere una atención individualizada por parte de un equipo multidisciplinar, puesto que muchos de los tratamientos estándar se incluyen dentro de las categorías de teratogenicidad C o D de la Food and Drug Administration, y es escasa la experiencia con técnicas como la angioplastia coronaria con colocación de stent. Se describe el caso de una mujer de 32 años, gestante de 11 semanas y diagnosticada de SCACEST, así como el abordaje terapéutico de la misma. Además se revisa la información disponible sobre la epidemiología, etiología y fisiopatología del SCACEST durante el embarazo y el papel específico de las opciones de tratamiento disponibles actualmente

ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is a clinical condition that is rarely observed in pregnant women. However, its manifestation is a situation of high maternal-fetal risk. Pharmacotherapeutical management of these patients is difficult and requires individualized care by a multidisciplinary team since many of the standard treatments are included within the categories of teratogencity C or D of the Food and Drug Administration and experience with techniques such as coronary angioplasty with stent placement is scarce. The case of a 32-year woman who was 11 weeks pregnant and diagnosed of acute coronary syndrome with ST segment and its therapeutic approach are described. Furthermore, the information available on epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome with ST segment during pregnancy and the specific role of the currently available treatment options are reviewed

Toxicidad óptica por etambutol / Ocular toxicity by the use of ethambutol

No disponible

Síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética secundario a carbamacepina / No disponible

No disponible

[Replacement therapy with protein C for meningococcal sepsis and fulminant purpura in pediatric patients]. / Tratamiento sustitutivo con proteína C en sepsis meningocócica y púrpura fulminante en pacientes pediátricos.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation as associated to sepsis contributes to the development of clinical multiple organ failure by extensive thrombosis in microcirculation vessels. This condition commonly manifests itself in severe meningococcal sepsis. On the skin, its clinical manifestation is extensive purpura with necrotic lesions that usually progress to serious distal ischemia and may call for amputation. A common denominator in these events regarding hemostasis is a depletion of so-called natural anticoagulant proteins, particularly protein C. According to clinical observations replacement therapy with human plasma-derived protein C concentrates has been associated with significantly improved clinical outcome in patients with meningococcal sepsis and fulminant purpura. This paper reports a case of acquired protein C deficiency in a girl with meningococcal sepsis, fulminant purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and septic shock. Fresh plasma therapy was intended to increase consumption coagulopathy-depleted coagulation factors and to provide small amounts of protein C. The inability to restore protein C concentrations above 30%, and the presence of severe thrombopenia in the setting of disseminated intravascular coagulation led to the onset of replacement therapy using a human protein C concentrate (Ceprotin), which increased plasma protein C concentrations and contributed to revert the existing hypercoagulability status. Finally, evidence available in the literature regarding fulminant meningococcal sepsis management using human protein C concentrates and recombinant activated protein C is discussed.

Monitoring trough plasma concentrations of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with uveitis.

BACKGROUND: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been used successfully in patients with various forms of uveitis not responsive to other immunosuppressants. Nevertheless, for these patients neither recommendations for optimal dosage of MMF nor data concerning drug exposure of MMF are available. OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of MMF trough concentrations in a cohort of patients with uveitis, with the aim of optimizing the dosage of this drug, by maintaining a target concentration to achieve adequate immunosuppression with a minimal risk of therapeutic failure or toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study describes the results of monitoring trough plasma concentrations of MMF in 12 patients with uveitis during a mean period of 21.4 months. Patients included one with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, one with Graves-Basedow's disease, one with Behcet's disease, one with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and the rest with idiopathic uveitis. All patients were treated with steroids and additional therapy prior to treatment with MMF. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) was performed with 108 trough plasma samples using an EMIT assay. Mean daily MMF dose was 24.5 +/- 6.3 mg/kg and mean trough MPA concentration was 2.9 +/- 1.9 microg/mL. Therapy was effective in 10 patients (83%). There were few side-effects: diarrhoea, excitement, agitation and cough that disappeared with daily dose reduction of MMF. CONCLUSIONS: MMF was effective in the majority of patients with uveitis with an acceptable profile of side-effects. TDM of MMF in patients with uveitis is clinically practicable and may help to optimize individual immunosuppressive therapy. We estimated that MMF dosages in the range of 0.5-1.5 g/day might be sufficient for treating uveitis and we recommend an initial target range of 2-4 microg/mL, which included 50% of our results. Randomized controlled trials are essential to confirm the efficacy of MMF in uveitis.

[Pharmacokinetic interaction between valproic acid and carbapenem-like antibiotics: a discussion of three cases]. / Interacción farmacocinética entre ácido valproico y antibióticos carbapenémicos: descripción de tres casos.

A number of literature references suggest that carbapenem-like antibiotics decrease plasma concentrations of valproic acid in epileptic patients. This interaction may result in a recurrence of epileptic seizures in these patients. To clarify the possible mechanism of such carbapenem-valproic acid interaction several experimental studies have been carried out in animals. However, the mechanism of this drug-drug interaction is as yet uncertain. in this article we report three new cases that were observed in our hospital within three months. One of these patients developed seizures. We also review the different mechanisms proposed, as well as cases published to this day. All these data demonstrate that care should be taken in using these potent antibiotics in patients receiving valproic acid.

Interacción farmacocinética entre ácido valproico y antibióticos carbapenémicos: descripción de tres casos / Pharmacokinetic interaction between valproic acid and carbapenem-like antibiotics: a discussion of three cases

Existen referencias en la literatura que indican que los antibióticos carbapenémicos disminuyen las concentraciones plasmáticas de ácido valproico en pacientes epilépticos. El resultado de esta interacción podría traducirse en la aparición de crisis epilépticas en estos pacientes. Con el fin de clarificar el posible mecanismo implicado en la interacción entre carbapenemes y ácido valproico se han desarrollado diversos estudios en animales de experimentación. Sin embargo, el mecanismo concreto sigue sin determinarse. En este trabajo se describen tres casos detectados en nuestro hospital durante un periodo de tiempo de tres meses, coincidiendo uno de ellos con la aparición de convulsiones. Además, se recogen los distintos mecanismos de interacción propuestos, así como los casos publicados hasta la fecha. De todo ello se desprende la necesidad de proceder con precaución a la hora de emplear estos potentes antibióticos en asociación con ácido valproico (AU)

Evaluación de un nuevo inmunoensayo quimioluminiscente para la determinación de paratohormona / Evaluation of a new electrochemical luminiscence immunoassay to test parathyroid hormone

Se han evaluado las características analíticas del inmunoensayo automatizado para la determinación de hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTH) en el autoanalizador Immulite 2000 (Diagnostic Products Corporation, USA), basado en un nuevo método de detección mediante electroquimioluminiscencia (ICMA). Para ello se han efectuado estudios de imprecisión, sensibilidad funcional, lineabilidad, recuperación y correlación con un método inmunorradiométrico (IRMA). Los resultados mostraron una repetibilidad y reproductibilidad aceptables, inferiores al 10.6 por ciento y 9.4 por ciento, respectivamente. Los estudios de linealidad y recuperación también fueron aceptables en todo el intervalo analítico del ensayo, situándose la sensibilidad funcional en 5 ng/L. El estudio de correlación entre los dos métodos proporcionó resultados satisfactorios (AU)