Lower Perceived Neighborhood Collective Efficacy Indirectly Influences the Association Between Perceived Maternal Exposure to Community Violence and Household Food Insecurity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Individuals of color and of low socioeconomic status are at greater risk of experiencing community violence and food insecurity, which are both influenced by neighborhood conditions. We evaluated neighborhood collective efficacy as a linkage between community violence exposure and household food insecurity. METHODS: Mothers from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study who completed phone surveys when the child was 3 (time 1, T1) and 5 years old (time 2, T2) were included (n = 2068). A covariate-adjusted structural equation model estimated direct and indirect effects of community violence exposure on household food insecurity. A covariate-adjusted multiple mediator model estimated the indirect effects of the 2 neighborhood collective efficacy subscales (informal social control; social cohesion and trust). RESULTS: At T1, 40% of mothers reported community violence exposure; 15% experienced food insecurity at T2. Mean neighborhood collective efficacy (range 1-5) at T1 was 2.44 (SD = 0.94). Neighborhood collective efficacy indirectly influenced the association between community violence exposure and food insecurity (indirect effect = 0.022, 95% CI = 0.007 to 0.040). Only social cohesion and trust contributed independent variance to the indirect effect model (indirect effect = 0.028, 95% CI = 0.001 to 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: Community-based efforts to reduce household food insecurity should emphasize building social cohesion and trust in communities experiencing violence.

Examination of co-parenting support and parenting stress as mediators of the food insecurity-maternal depression/anxiety relationship.

BACKGROUND: Identifying family environment factors related to food insecurity and maternal mental health could inform additional support for mothers who experience food insecurity. This study seeks to examine the mechanistic roles of co-parenting support and parenting stress on the food insecurity-maternal mental health relationship. METHODS: Data from the Future of Families and Child Well-being Study, which recruited mothers post-delivery from 75 urban hospitals, was utilized. Analysis includes 1808 mothers followed for 15 years. Food insecurity was assessed at year 5, co-parenting support and parenting stress at year 9, and maternal depression and anxiety at year 15. Structural equation models evaluated the role of food insecurity on maternal depression (model 1) and anxiety (model 2) through co-parenting support and parenting stress simultaneously, adjusting for socio-demographics. RESULTS: Co-parenting support did not mediate the relationships of food insecurity and maternal depression and anxiety, controlling for parenting stress. Controlling for co-parenting support, parenting stress did not mediate the food insecurity-maternal depression relationship, but partially mediated the food insecurity-maternal anxiety relationship (specific indirect: B = 0.026, CI:0.01, 0.05; specific direct: B = 0.131, CI:-0.04, 0.32). LIMITATIONS: There was a significant period of time (10 years) between assessment of food insecurity and assessment of maternal mental health. Self-reported data on sensitive topics may be susceptible to bias. With observational research, it is possible that unobserved confounding variables impact the findings. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative support in the form of - parenting, economic (e.g., utilities), and food - may help reduce parenting stress and anxiety among mothers who experience food insecurity.

The role of neighborhood social cohesion in the association between seeing people walk and leisure-time walking among Latino adults.

Few studies have investigated the association between seeing people walk and leisure-time walking, and the role of neighborhood social cohesion among Latinos/Latinx. We examined the association between frequency of seeing people walk within sight of home and leisure-time walking, and whether neighborhood social cohesion explained this association. We utilized cross-sectional data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey from Latinos aged 18+ years (n=4,669). A structural equation model was used to estimate the association between seeing people walk and leisure-time walking, and to test the extent to which neighborhood social cohesion accounted for the association. Findings indicate that there is a strong association between seeing people walk and leisure-time walking, and neighborhood social cohesion partially explains this association among Latinos/Latinx. Neighborhood social cohesion may strengthen efforts focused on neighborhood-level behavioral norms that promote walking.

Sexual Orientation and Food Hardship: National Survey of Family Growth, 2011-2019.

OBJECTIVE: Given the high rates of poverty observed among sexual minority groups and their social vulnerability, we examined the prevalence and correlation of food hardship, measured as food insecurity, receipt of free or reduced-cost food, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation among low-income sexual minority and heterosexual adults using population-level health surveillance data. METHODS: We used 4 waves of pooled data (2011-2019) from the National Survey of Family Growth for adults aged 18-44 years. We compared the sexual orientation subgroups and used logistic regression to predict the likelihood of food hardship. RESULTS: Among men, gay and bisexual men had higher odds of experiencing food insecurity than their heterosexual counterparts (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.97 and 1.83, respectively). Compared with heterosexual men, bisexual men had significantly higher odds of receiving free or reduced-cost food, but gay men did not. The odds of participating in SNAP did not differ significantly among gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men. Among women, only bisexual women were more prone to experiencing food insecurity than their heterosexual counterparts (aOR = 1.81). The odds of receiving free or reduced-cost food did not differ significantly among heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women. However, compared with heterosexual women, lesbian women had significantly lower odds (aOR = 0.62) and bisexual women had significantly higher odds (aOR = 1.24) of participating in SNAP. CONCLUSION: Our findings contribute to the limited literature examining trends in food hardship among sexual minority groups and suggest potentially different patterns of food insecurity, food assistance, and SNAP participation among sexual orientation subgroups, which may call for group-specific, nuanced approaches for lessening food hardship.

A latent class analysis to identify socio-economic and health risk profiles among mothers of young children predicting longitudinal risk of food insecurity.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study was to use a social determinants of health (SDOH) framework and latent class analysis (LCA) to identify risk classes among mothers with young children. The risk classes were then used to predict food insecurity severity and stability/change of food insecurity over time. METHOD: The secondary data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2,368; oversampled for non-marital births) was used in this study. Household food insecurity was assessed using the 18-items USDA Food Security Survey. A seventeen-item inventory of educational, economic stability, incarceration (i.e. social context), neighborhood safety (i.e. neighborhood and built environment), health and health care, and substance use behaviors at baseline/Year-1 were included to identify SDOH risk indicators in the LCA. Covariate-adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the relation between risk classes at Year-1 and the severity of food insecurity at Year-3 and stability/change of food insecurity between Year-3 and Year -5. RESULTS: LCA identified five risk classes: High utility and medical hardship (Class 1), high housing and employment hardship, high substance use, and incarceration (Class 2), high housing and medical hardship, poor health, and health care (Class 3), high employment hardship and low-income (Class 4) and low-risk (Class 5). The Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 had greater odds of low food security and very low food security at Year-3 compared to Class 4. In addition, compared to Class 4, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 had greater odds unstable food insecurity and persistent food insecurity over time. CONCLUSIONS: LCA could be used to identify distinctive family system risk profiles predictive of food insecurity. The generated risk profiles could be used by health care providers as an additional tool to identify families in need for resources to ensure household food security.

Racial and Ethnic Trends and Disparities in NSCLC.

Introduction: Detailed evaluations of racial and ethnic trends and disparities in NSCLC outcomes are lacking, and it remains unclear whether recent advances in screening and targeted therapies for NSCLC have benefited all population groups equally. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18-registry data, we evaluated trends in overall and stage-specific NSCLC incidence (2007-2018) among patients aged 55 to 79 years by sex and race and ethnicity. Overall and stage-specific 2-year cause-specific survival rates were calculated by sex and race and ethnicity. Health Disparities software calculated absolute (difference) and relative (ratio) disparity measures comparing racial and ethnic groups with the highest and lowest rates (range measures) and comparing white patients (reference group) with other groups (pairwise rate measures). Joinpoint software assessed changes in rates and disparities. Results: Both men and women experienced substantial declines in NSCLC incidence from 2007 to 2018, largely due to significant declines in the incidence of distant-stage NSCLC over the study period (p < 0.05). During the same time period, the incidence of local-stage NSCLC significantly increased among black and Hispanic women (p < 0.05) and remained stable among all other groups. Overall, 2-year cause-specific survival rates improved across most racial and ethnic groups, especially among those diagnosed in regional and distant stages. For both sexes, absolute disparities in overall and stage-specific incidence of NSCLC significantly decreased over time (p < 0.05), whereas relative disparities remained unchanged. Pairwise comparison revealed persistent disparities in NSCLC burden between black and white men. Conclusion: We found evidence of narrowing racial and ethnic disparities in NSCLC incidence over time; however, important disparities persist. More work is needed to ensure consistent and equitable access to high-quality screening, diagnosis, and treatment to reduce and eliminate cancer disparities.

Impacts of Medicaid Expansion on Stage at Cancer Diagnosis by Patient Insurance Type.

INTRODUCTION: The expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act increased access to health care for millions of low-income Americans. However, the longer-term impacts of the policy on cancer outcomes remain unknown. This study examined the impact of Medicaid expansion on early- and late-stage diagnosis for 4 common cancers (breast, cervical, colorectal, and lung) using 4 full years of postpolicy data. METHODS: Patients aged 40-64 years diagnosed with breast, cervical, colorectal, or lung cancer from 2010 to 2017 were identified using the National Cancer Database. Difference-in-difference analyses compared changes in early-stage and late-stage diagnoses among expansion states with those among nonexpansion states. Subgroup analyses explored potential effect modification by insurance type. Data analysis was performed from June to October 2021. RESULTS: The proportion of early stage diagnosis of breast (difference in difference=1.58, 95% CI=0.89, 2.27), cervical (difference in difference=3.20; 95% CI=0.44, 5.95), colorectal (difference in difference=1.98; 95% CI=1.18, 2.78), and lung (difference in difference=1.74; 95% CI=0.98, 2.50) cancers increased more in expansion states than in nonexpansion states, whereas late-stage diagnosis of colorectal (difference in difference= -2.12; 95% CI= -2.98, -1.27) and lung (difference in difference= -1.87; 95% CI= -2.89, -0.84) cancers decreased more in expansion states following implementation of the Affordable Care Act. In subgroup analyses, difference-in-difference estimates for all sites and stages (except late-stage cervical cancer) were significant and larger in magnitude among Medicaid-insured than among privately insured patients. CONCLUSIONS: Study results highlight the positive impacts of Medicaid expansion on earlier diagnosis of several cancers for which screening and early detection exist, and subgroup analyses revealed greater positive effects among Medicaid-insured patients most targeted by the policy.

A Contemporary Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diagnosis of Early-Stage Breast Cancer and Stage-Specific Survival by Molecular Subtype.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies of breast cancer disparities have focused primarily on differences between Black and White women, yet contemporary patterns of disparity for other groups are not well understood. We examine breast cancer disparities by stage at diagnosis across nine racial and ethnic groups. METHODS: The SEER 18 registries identified 841,975 women diagnosed with breast cancer from 2000 to 2017. Joinpoint models assessed trends in diagnosis stage and survival. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated associations between race/ethnicity and diagnosis stage. Multivariable Cox models compared survival of groups by stage and molecular subtype. RESULTS: Black, American Indian, Southeast Asian, South Asian, Pacific Islander, and Hispanic women were less likely than white women to be diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Among those diagnosed at early stage, Hispanic, American Indian, Pacific Islander and Black women were 9%, 14%, 22%, and 39% (respectively) more likely than White women to die from breast cancer, whereas Asian subgroups had lower risk of death. Among those diagnosed at late stage, Black women were 18% more likely than White counterparts to die from breast cancer, and survival disparities for Black women persisted across all subtypes and stages, (except late stage HR-/HER2-). East Asian women with early stage HR+/HER2- tumors had better survival than White women. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent disparities in early detection and survival of breast cancer demand further work to address and reduce disparities across the cancer continuum. IMPACT: Results have implications for efforts to reduce entrenched racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer early detection and survival.

Independent and combined associations of intimate partner violence and food insecurity on maternal depression and generalized anxiety disorder.

While research has investigated intimate partner violence (IPV) and food insecurity (FI) as independent experiences on mental health, research is lacking on the possible longitudinal associations of combined experiences of IPV and FI on maternal depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study (n = 1440), the current study examined the independent and combined associations of IPV and FI mothers experienced 3-5 years after their child's birth on depression and GAD at Year 15. Five mutually exclusive dichotomous variables were created based on IPV and FI experiences during Year 3 and Year 5. Depression and GAD were measured at Year 15 using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. According to the covariate-adjusted logistic regression models, exposure to IPV and FI, both concurrently and independently predicted greater depression at Year 15. Mothers in all IPV and FI categories had greater odds of having GAD at Year 15 compared to those with no exposure. Compared to the independent effect of IPV and FI, the combined effect of IPV and FI was highly associated with maternal GAD, but not depression. Using a trauma-informed approach to counseling in combination with food assistance programs might be an effective strategy in preventing mental health symptoms.

Parenting, Pesticides and Adolescent Psychological Adjustment: A Brief Report.

Pesticides used to control insects, such as pyrethroids, are neurotoxicants, yet adolescent researchers often overlook their potential role in adolescent psychological adjustment. This brief report is guided by bioecological theory and considers the possible independent and interactive effects of environmental pyrethroid pesticide exposure for adolescent depressive symptoms. Self-reported adolescent appraisals of the parent-child relationship and depressive symptoms were obtained from a convenience sample of impoverished, predominantly Latino urban youth (n = 44). Exposure to environmental pyrethroids was obtained from wipe samples using a standardized protocol. Parent-adolescent conflict was higher in households with bifenthrin than those without, and adolescent depressive symptoms were elevated in homes where cypermethrin was detected. In addition, the presence of bifenthrin in the home attenuated the protective effects of parental involvement on adolescent depressive symptoms. The current results suggest that adolescent mental health researchers must consider the synergistic combinations of adolescents' environments' physical and social features. Given the endemic presence of pesticides and their neurotoxic function, pesticide exposure may demand specific attention.

How Does Consistency of Food and Nutrition Support Effect Daily Food Consumption among Children Living in Poverty? Recession-Era Implications.

Underutilization of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance (SNAP) food safety net programs may compromise child nutritional benefits for families with limited incomes. Using a sample of children surveyed before (2003−2006) and after the Great Recession (2007−2009), we examine whether consistent access to WIC and SNAP during times of increased economic stress moderated the association between poverty level (i.e., income-needs ratio [INR]) and fruits and vegetables (FV) or foods high in saturated fats and added sugars (SFAS). Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study income-eligible mothers/children (≤185% of poverty) with available FV and SFAS data at the 5- (2003−2006) and 9-year (2007−2010) waves (n = 733) were included. Main effects of INR and interaction effects of consistency of WIC, SNAP, and dual WIC and SNAP support from birth through age 5 were examined. INR was associated with decreased FV consumption frequency from age 5 to 9, conditional upon consistency of dual WIC/SNAP enrollment. FV declined when there was low consistency (<1 year) of dual support. FV consumption was stable across INR when combined WIC/SNAP support lasted at least 2 years. Results can inform strategies for optimizing the nutritional impact of WIC and SNAP by focusing on those most at risk for underutilization of multiple benefits.

Feasibility of Delivering an on-Campus Food Distribution Program in a Community College Setting: A Mixed Methods Sequential Explanatory Investigation.

Despite community college students experiencing food insecurity there has been a dearth of research conducted on the feasibility of providing a program designed to increase access to fruits and vegetables among community colleges. This study used a mixed methods sequential explanatory design to examine the feasibility of delivering an on-campus food distribution program (FDP) to community college students and to examine the association between FDP and food insecurity and dietary intake. The study also explored the student's experiences related to barriers and facilitators of program utilization. In phase one, the FDP occurred for eight months and students could attend twice per month, receiving up to 60 pounds of food per visit. Online questionnaires were used to collect students' food security and dietary intake. Among the 1000 students offered the FDP, 495 students enrolled, with 329 students (66.5%) attending ≥ 1. Average attendance = 3.27 (SD = 3.08) [Range = 1-16] distributions. The FDP did not reduce food insecurity nor improve dietary intake. In phase two, a subsample of students (n = 36) discussed their FDP experiences through focus groups revealing three barriers limiting program utilization: program design and organization, personal schedule and transportation, and program abuse by other attendees. Facilitators to greater program utilization included: the type of food distributed and welcoming environment, along with allowing another designated individual to collect food. To maximize program use, it is suggested that reported barriers be addressed, which might positively influence food insecurity and dietary intake.

Parenting stress mediates the longitudinal effect of maternal depression on child anxiety/depressive symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Evidence is lacking for the longitudinal bidirectional relationship between maternal depression and child anxiety/depressive symptoms through pre-school to adolescence and regarding parenting stress as having a mediating effect on this association. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (n = 1,446 child-mother dyads in 20 main U.S. cities) collected at baseline, Year-5 (T1), Year-9 (T2) and Year-15 (T3) (from 1998 to 2017). Maternal depression, child anxiety/depressive symptoms and parenting stress were assessed at three time points (T1-T3). The associations were evaluated using autoregressive cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS: Cross-lagged models indicated that 1) maternal depression significantly predicted subsequent higher child anxiety/depressive symptoms across all time points, and 2) greater child anxiety/depressive symptoms significantly predicted subsequent maternal depression across all time points. Furthermore, T1 maternal depression was indirectly associated with T3 child anxiety/depressive symptoms via T2 parenting stress [b = 0.010 (SE=0.004), p = 0.017]. However, T2 parenting stress did not significantly mediate the association between T1 child anxiety/depressive symptoms and T3 maternal depression [b = 0.004 (SE=0.004), p = 0.256]. LIMITATIONS: The FFCWS oversampled unmarried parents and had a higher proportion of socio-economically disadvantaged racial and ethnic minority families, limiting the generalizability of findings. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal depression is indirectly linked to child anxiety/depressive symptoms via parenting stress.

Later sleep timing predicts accelerated summer weight gain among elementary school children: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND: Social demands of the school-year and summer environment may affect children's sleep patterns and circadian rhythms during these periods. The current study examined differences in children's sleep and circadian-related behaviors during the school-year and summer and explored the association between sleep and circadian parameters and change in body mass index (BMI) during these time periods. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study with 119 children ages 5 to 8 years with three sequential BMI assessments: early school-year (fall), late school-year (spring), and beginning of the following school-year in Houston, Texas, USA. Sleep midpoint, sleep duration, variability of sleep midpoint, physical activity, and light exposure were estimated using wrist-worn accelerometry during the school-year (fall) and summer. To examine the effect of sleep parameters, physical activity level, and light exposure on change in BMI, growth curve modeling was conducted controlling for age, race, sex, and chronotype. RESULTS: Children's sleep midpoint shifted later by an average of 1.5 h during summer compared to the school-year. After controlling for covariates, later sleep midpoints predicted larger increases in BMI during summer, (γ = .0004, p = .03), but not during the school-year. Sleep duration, sleep midpoint variability, physical activity levels, and sedentary behavior were not associated with change in BMI during the school-year or summer. Females tended to increase their BMI at a faster rate during summer compared to males, γ = .06, p = .049. Greater amounts of outdoor light exposure (γ = -.01, p = .02) predicted smaller increases in school-year BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity prevention interventions may need to target different behaviors depending on whether children are in or out of school. Promotion of outdoor time during the school-year and earlier sleep times during the summer may be effective obesity prevention strategies during these respective times.

Household food insecurity and early childhood development in Brazil: an analysis of children under 2 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if household food insecurity (HFI) is associated with the risk of developmental delays. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of children under 2 years old. Risk of developmental delays was assessed with the Denver Developmental Screening Test II. HFI was measured with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between HFI (food secure/insecure) and risk of developmental delays, adjusting for household, maternal and child variables. SETTING: Community Health Centers in the Federal District, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 1004 children under 2 years old. RESULTS: Among participants, 15 % were at risk of developmental delays and about 40 % of children lived in food-insecure households. HFI was associated with the risk of developmental delays (adjusted OR 2·61; 95 % CI 1·42, 4·80) compared with food-secure households after adjusting for key confounders. CONCLUSIONS: HFI was strongly associated with the risk of developmental delays in children under 2 years. Investments that prevent or mitigate HFI are likely to be key for improved human and national development.

The mediating effect of parenting stress and couple relationship quality on the association between material hardship trajectories and maternal mental health status.

BACKGROUND: Household material hardships could have a negative impact on maternal mental health. Understanding mechanisms by which material hardship trajectories affect maternal depression and anxiety could aid health care professionals and researchers to design better interventions to improve mental health outcomes among mothers. METHODS: The study identified family-level mechanisms by which material hardship trajectories affect maternal depression and anxiety using Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study data (n = 1,645). Latent growth mixture modelling was used to identify latent classes of material hardship trajectories at Years-1, -3, and -5. Parenting stress and couple relationship quality was measured at Year-9. The outcome measures included maternal depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) at Year-15 based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview - Short Form. RESULTS: Parenting stress mediated the association between low-increasing hardship (b = 0.020, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.003, 0.043) and maternal depression. Parenting stress also mediated the association between high-increasing hardship (b = 0.043, 95% CI:0.004, 0.092), high decreasing hardship (b = 0.034, 95% CI=0.001, 0.072), and low-increasing (b = 0.034, 95% CI:0.007, 0.066) and maternal GAD. In all models, current material hardship was directly related to maternal depression (b = 0.188, 95% CI:0.134, 0.242) and GAD (b = 0.174, 95% CI:0.091, 0.239). LIMITATIONS: Study results need to be interpreted with caution as the FFCWS oversampled non-marital births as part of the original study design. CONCLUSIONS: While current material hardship appears to be more related to maternal mental health, prior material hardship experiences contribute to greater parenting stress which places mothers at risk for experiencing depression and GAD later on.

Evaluation of the Role of Leisure Time Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Simultaneously on the Income-Overweight/Obesity Relationship.

In the United States, overweight/obesity is more prevalent among those with low-income; higher income is related to greater leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and sedentary behavior (SB), which are inversely related to overweight/obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the role of LTPA and SB simultaneously in the income-overweight/obesity relationship. Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2014) were utilized (n = 10,348 non-older adults (aged 20-59 years)). A multiple mediator structural equation model was conducted to evaluate the indirect effects from income to overweight/obesity (Body Mass Index ≥25 kg/m2) through LTPA and SB simultaneously, controlling for confounding variables, including diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption. As expected, greater income was negatively associated with overweight/obesity. Income indirectly influenced overweight/obesity through LTPA (Indirect effect: B = -0.005; CI = -0.01, -0.003), and through SB (Indirect effect: B = 0.008; CI = 0.005, 0.01), in opposing directions. The direct effect from income to overweight/obesity remained statistically significant. LTPA partially accounted for the negative relationship between income and overweight/obesity; SB reduced the strength of the negative relationship between income and overweight/obesity. Targeted behavior approaches for weight management may be beneficial. Increasing LTPA among adults with lower income and decreasing SB among adults with higher income may provide some overweight/obesity protection.