Diseño y validación de una rúbrica para evaluar las habilidades socioemocionales en estudiantes de enfermería / Design and validation of an instrument to assess the social and emotional skills of nursing students / Desenho e validação de uma rubrica para avaliar habilidades socioemocionais em estudantes de enfermagem

RESUMEN Introducción Las habilidades socioemocionales (HSE) hacen referencia a las actuaciones integrales representadas mediante la conducta para un adecuado manejo de emociones, realización personal y desarrollo social. Existen diversos instrumentos de evaluación para medir las HSE en universitarios, pero son inexistentes los dirigidos a estudiantes de enfermería. Objetivo Diseñar y determinar la validez de contenido de un instrumento para evaluar HSE en estudiantes de enfermería. Metodología Se realizó un estudio instrumental que incluyó las fases de revisión de instrumentos para evaluar las HSE; construcción del instrumento; revisión y mejora del instrumento por expertos; validación de contenido mediante el juicio de 16 expertos empleando un índice de relevancia (V de Aiken); pilotaje del instrumento con 50 estudiantes para el análisis de confiabilidad (Alpha de Cronbach) y comprensión del instrumento. Resultados El instrumento integró 12 indicadores (tolerancia, trabajo colaborativo, adaptación al entorno, comunicación eficaz, empatía, toma de decisiones, creatividad, relaciones interpersonales, asertividad, autoeficacia, resiliencia, y manejo del estrés). El juicio de expertos reveló la validez de contenido (V de Aiken > 0.90). Se obtuvo un valor aceptable de confiabilidad (α= 0.786) y una adecuada opinión sobre la comprensión del instrumento en el pilotaje. Discusión y Conclusión La evaluación de HSE en estudiantes de enfermería es fundamental tanto para mejorar y mantener su salud mental como para favorecer el desarrollo profesional, personal y social. La rúbrica es un instrumento confiable, primero en su tipo y con validez de contenido. Para que obtenga una calidad óptima se requiere continuar con el análisis de sus propiedades psicométricas.

ABSTRACT Introduction Social-emotional Skills (SES) refer to integral behaviors representing ade- quate management of emotions while achieving personal and social development. There are diverse instruments to assess SES on university students in general, but not on nursing students in particular. Objective To design an instrument to assess SES among nursing students and test its content validity. Methodology An instrumental study was carried out that included the revision phases of instruments to evaluate the SES: construction of the instrument; review and improvement of the instrument by experts; content validation by 16 experts using Aiken's V relevance index; and pilot test of the instrument on 50 students and assess its reliability (Cronbach´s Alpha) and ease of comprehension. Results The instrument integrated 12 indicators (tolerance, collaborative work, adaptation to the environment, efficacious communication, empathy, decision making, creativity, interpersonal relationships, assertiveness, self-efficacy, resilience, and stress management). Expert judgment revealed a content validity of Aiken's V > 0.90. An acceptable value of reliability (α= 0.786) and favorable opinion was obtained regarding the ease of comprehension of the instrument. Discussion and Conclusion The assessment of SES on nursing students is fundamental to improve and preserve their mental health, and foster their professional, personal, and social development. This is a reliable, first-of-its-kind, and content-validated instrument. Nevertheless, the analysis of its psychometric properties should be continued to keep improving its quality.

RESUMO Introdução As habilidades socioemocionais (HSE) referem-se a ações integrais representadas por meio do comportamento para o manejo adequado de emoções, realização pessoal e desenvolvimento social. Existem diversos instrumentos de avaliação para mensurar a HSE em estudantes universitários, mas os voltados para estudantes de enfermagem são inexistentes. Objetivo Desenhar e determinar a validade de conteúdo de um instrumento para avaliar HSE em estudantes de enfermagem. Metodologia Foi realizado um estudo instrumental que incluiu as fases de revisão dos instrumentos de avaliação da HSE; construção de instrumentos; revisão e aperfeiçoamento do instrumento pelos especialistas; validação de conteúdo por meio dos pareceres de 16 especialistas utilizando um índice de relevância (V de Aiken); pilotagem do instrumento com 50 alunos para análise da confiabilidade (Alpha de Cronbach) e compreensão do instrumento. Resultados O instrumento integrou 12 indicadores (tolerância, trabalho colaborativo, adaptação ao entorno, comunicação efetiva, empatia, tomada de decisão, criatividade, relacionamento interpessoal, assertividade, autoeficácia, resiliência e gerenciamento de estresse). O parecer de especialistas revelou validade de conteúdo (V de Aiken > 0.90). Obteve-se um valor aceitável de confiabilidade (α= 0.786) e uma opinião adequada sobre o entendimento do instrumento na pilotagem. Discussão e Conclusão A avaliação da HSE em estudantes de enfermagem é essencial tanto para melhorar e manter sua saúde mental quanto para promover o desenvolvimento profissional, pessoal e social. A rubrica é um instrumento confiável, primeiro do gênero e com validade de conteúdo. Para obter a qualidade ideal, é necessário continuar com a análise de suas propriedades psicométricas.

Identification of emerging safety and sustainability issues of advanced materials: Proposal for a systematic approach.

The EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability is a first step to achieve the Green Deal ambition for a toxic-free environment, and ensure that chemicals are produced and used in a way that maximises their contribution to society while avoiding harm to our planet and to future generations. Advanced materials are predicted to play a pivotal role in achieving this ambition and the underlying sustainability goals, and considerable efforts are invested in designing new classes of materials. Examples of such materials are metamaterials, artificially architectured materials designed to have material properties beyond those of the individual ingredient materials, or active materials at the boundary between materials and devices (e.g., new biomedical soft materials). Such innovative advanced materials raise concern about possible future safety and sustainability issues and would benefit from appropriate risk governance that promotes innovation, while pushing for safety and sustainability. To balance these aspects, a methodology is proposed for the early-stage identification of emerging safety and sustainability issues of advanced materials. As exemplified by two case studies, the methodology aims to be of use for innovators, risk assessors, and regulators. Extension of the methodology is highlighted, as well as implementation in broader initiatives like the EU's industrial policy approach.

Derivation of point of departure (PoD) estimates in genetic toxicology studies and their potential applications in risk assessment.

Genetic toxicology data have traditionally been employed for qualitative, rather than quantitative evaluations of hazard. As a continuation of our earlier report that analyzed ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) dose-response data (Gollapudi et al., 2013), here we present analyses of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) dose-response data and additional approaches for the determination of genetic toxicity point-of-departure (PoD) metrics. We previously described methods to determine the no-observed-genotoxic-effect-level (NOGEL), the breakpoint-dose (BPD; previously named Td), and the benchmark dose (BMD10 ) for genetic toxicity endpoints. In this study we employed those methods, along with a new approach, to determine the non-linear slope-transition-dose (STD), and alternative methods to determine the BPD and BMD, for the analyses of nine ENU and 22 MNU datasets across a range of in vitro and in vivo endpoints. The NOGEL, BMDL10 and BMDL1SD PoD metrics could be readily calculated for most gene mutation and chromosomal damage studies; however, BPDs and STDs could not always be derived due to data limitations and constraints of the underlying statistical methods. The BMDL10 values were often lower than the other PoDs, and the distribution of BMDL10 values produced the lowest median PoD. Our observations indicate that, among the methods investigated in this study, the BMD approach is the preferred PoD for quantitatively describing genetic toxicology data. Once genetic toxicology PoDs are calculated via this approach, they can be used to derive reference doses and margin of exposure values that may be useful for evaluating human risk and regulatory decision making.

Quantitative approaches for assessing dose-response relationships in genetic toxicology studies.

Genetic toxicology studies are required for the safety assessment of chemicals. Data from these studies have historically been interpreted in a qualitative, dichotomous "yes" or "no" manner without analysis of dose-response relationships. This article is based upon the work of an international multi-sector group that examined how quantitative dose-response relationships for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology data might be used to improve human risk assessment. The group examined three quantitative approaches for analyzing dose-response curves and deriving point-of-departure (POD) metrics (i.e., the no-observed-genotoxic-effect-level (NOGEL), the threshold effect level (Td), and the benchmark dose (BMD)), using data for the induction of micronuclei and gene mutations by methyl methanesulfonate or ethyl methanesulfonate in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that the POD descriptors obtained using the different approaches are within the same order of magnitude, with more variability observed for the in vivo assays. The different approaches were found to be complementary as each has advantages and limitations. The results further indicate that the lower confidence limit of a benchmark response rate of 10% (BMDL(10) ) could be considered a satisfactory POD when analyzing genotoxicity data using the BMD approach. The models described permit the identification of POD values that could be combined with mode of action analysis to determine whether exposure(s) below a particular level constitutes a significant human risk. Subsequent analyses will expand the number of substances and endpoints investigated, and continue to evaluate the utility of quantitative approaches for analysis of genetic toxicity dose-response data.

[Frequency of association of rheumatoid factor in patients with breast cancer]. / Frecuencia de asociación del factor reumatoide en pacientes con cáncer de mama.

AIMS: It has been reported that some patients with cancer present auto-immune phenomenon mediated by auto-antibodies, suggesting a relationship between auto-immunity and cancer. Our interest was to determine the frequency of association of rheumatoid factor and breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifty patients were studied, 3 on stage 111 and 19 on stage IV. Rheumatoid factor was measured in all of them. Auto-antibodies were measured by ELISA. The clinical files of all the patients were reviewed to determine the presence of metastases (osseous, pulmonary, CNS and hepatic) as well as the histological type of the cancer to correlate the expression of the rheumatoid factor with the patients' clinical status. RESULTS: Four (12.9%) out of the 31 patients on stage 111 had positive rheumatoid factor, while 9 (47.3%) out of 19 patients on stage IV had positive rheumatoid factor. The mean age of the patients on stage 111 with positive rheumatoid factor was 48 years, while the mean age of the patients on stage IV with positive rheumatoid factor was 53 years. Patients on stage 111 with positive rheumatoid factor only had local-regional metastases while patients on stage IV with positive rheumatoid factor had distant metastases. The predominant histological type was adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: In this study it is shown that breast cancer on the most advanced stages have higher expression of rheumatoid factor, and more clinical derangement with higher levels of rheumatoid factor expression. The proposal of auto-antibodies as predictors of the severity of the cancer requires further studies on several types of cancer.

Analysis of the water soluble extract of comedones.

The water soluble fraction of 713 open comedones, pooled from both the face and back of 47 subjects representing all grades of acne, were analyzed for total protein content, carbohydrate content, and for identification of specific proteins. In the water soluble fraction, the protein content represented 11.5%, and carbohydrate content 0.2% of the total comedonal crude weight. Esterase and hyaluronidase activity was demonstrated. Propionibacterium acnes antigenic material, serum albumin, and serum Zn alpha 2 glycoprotein, a minor serum constituent, were identified by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.