En búsqueda de acuerdos sobre los fines pedagógicos que han de regir en la Educación Física / In search of agreement on the pedagogical aims to be pursued in Physical Education

Actualmente son numerosos los desacuerdos en torno a la enseñanza de la Educación Física (EF), incluso hacia sus intenciones, finalidades y funciones. Esta variedad de enfoques, en muchos casos opuestos, se agudiza notoriamente por la influencia de las redes sociales. La búsqueda del “like” y el halago inmediato deriva en un reduccionismo de la materia, más mediatizado por la ocurrencia de la actividad concreta que por la evidencia científica. Esto, junto a otros factores, limita que la asignatura goce del prestigio social y curricular que merece. El objetivo del presente artículo es intentar arrojar luz sobre los principios fundamentales que han de estructurar la enseñanza de la EF. A través de la revisión de la literatura, se presentan diez elementos clave: 1.- Plantear propuestas con coherencia pedagógica; 2. - Crear una identidad corporal dentro de la cultura de la actividad física y el deporte; 3.- Generar un clima social positivo en el aula; 4.- Trabajar la inclusión y romper estereotipos; 5.- Utilizar los modelos pedagógicos; 6.- Aplicar la evaluación formativa y compartida; 7.- Evidenciar el aprendizaje generado; 8.- Fomentar la autorregulación; 9.- Promover la transferibilidad del aprendizaje; 10.- Conocer/transformar el entorno y el servicio a la comunidad. El texto, sin ninguna pretensión de sentar cátedra, busca la reflexión pausada y profunda del profesorado de EF, un colectivo de gran dinamismo, potente y con infinidad de posibilidades para conseguir que la asignatura siga creciendo y evolucionando. (AU)

There are currently numerous disagreements about the teaching of Physical Education (PE), including its intentions, aims and functions. This variety of approaches, in many cases opposed to each other, is made more acute by the influence of social networks. The search for "likes" and immediate praise leads to a reductionism of the subject, more influenced by the occurrence of the specific activity than by scientific evidence. This, together with other factors, limits the subject from enjoying the social and curricular prestige it deserves. The aim of this article is to try to shed light on the fundamental principles that should structure the teaching of PE. Through a review of the literature, ten key elements are presented: 1.- Proposing proposals with pedagogical coherence; 2. - Creating a corporal identity within the culture of physical activity and sport; 3.- Generating a positive social climate in the classroom; 4.- Working on inclusion and breaking stereotypes; 5. - To use pedagogical models; 6.- To apply formative and shared evaluation; 7.- To demonstrate the learning generated; 8.- To encourage self-regulation; 9.- To promote the transferability of learning; 10.- The text, without any pretensions of setting up a chair, seeks the slow and deep reflection of PE teachers, a highly dynamic and powerful group with infinite possibilities to ensure that the subject continues to grow and evolve. (AU)

"I feel lonely, I don't understand you when you talk, and I find it hard to breathe". Analysis of the emotional tensions of physical education students in the Spanish setting of COVID-19.

The aim of this research is to analyse the emotional tensions experienced by PE students in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-four students participated in the study. A qualitative methodology was used in which, taking into account the safety and prevention conditions established for the COVID-19 situation, three categories of analysis were obtained: a) experiences regarding the use of the face mask; b) experiences regarding physical distancing; and c) social interaction between students. The researchers' logbooks and three discussion groups were used as data collection instruments. The results show how the COVID-19 safety measures generated emotional changes in students.

Fundamental Pedagogical Aspects for the Implementation of Models-Based Practice in Physical Education.

The implementation of pedagogical models (PMs) in the subject of Physical Education (PE) is presented as a pedagogical approach that is based on the educational context as a means to overcome the serious limitations that arise from traditional approaches. The effective implementation of this approach has demonstrated benefits in terms of student motivation, student involvement and improved learning. Thus, its application and international relevance, the variability of content covered, the possibility of replicability in a variety of contexts and the fact that it favors a reflective framework and common action by teachers are some of the reasons that justify its use. In this sense, the need for teacher training, as well as the intention to generate more scientific evidence based on its application in the classroom, are some of the key aspects to be taken into account for its implementation and consequent consolidation in the educational field.

The Attitudinal Style as Pedagogical Model in Physical Education.

The continuous changes in the different legislative systems have led to the application of different ways of understanding students and generating learning in them. In this sense, an area such as physical education is not alien to the continuous changes in teaching learning and its teaching has been modified from a behavioural approach to more cognitive perspectives. In this line, the Attitudinal Style concept arises with the intention of responding to this need for evolution, a global approach to teaching, as well as the generation of materials that allow the participation and learning of all types of students, greatly favoring their involvement and/or adaptation. The objective of this study is to present the Attitudinal Style as a pedagogical model within school physical education, analyzing its characteristics, elements and main purposes. A systematic review of narrative character is used, showing the origins and fundamental elements to justify the Attitudinal Style as a pedagogical model. Thus, aspects such as the generation of positive experiences in the students; the rigorous explanation of what is being learned, adaptation to the content, context and students; the work of collaboration and/or cooperation as a means to achieve a group achievement; the transfer of learning; and the application of formative evaluation, make this model of teaching applicable, relevant and necessary in the different educational levels.

"Cooperative Learning Does Not Work for Me": Analysis of Its Implementation in Future Physical Education Teachers.

Cooperative learning (CL) is one of the pedagogical models that has had more application in the area of Physical Education (PE), being highly worked in the initial training of teachers. The aim of the study is to check to what extent future PE teachers are able to apply in the classroom the PE training they have received at university, deepening their fears, insecurities and problems when carrying it out. Thirteen future PE teachers (7 girls and 6 boys) aged 20.87 ± 1.43 participated and, after having been trained in CL in various subjects, applied it in the classroom during their internship. They were selected through purposeful non-probability sampling. A qualitative methodology was used, being the interviews, the teaching diaries and the seminars with the tutor the instruments of data collection used. Three categories of analysis were used: (a) initial expectations in the application of the CL; (b) problems encountered in its implementation; (c) reflection about its application in the future. The results showed how the future teachers did not see their expectations of success fulfilled, encountering resistance from both students and teachers in PE. Furthermore, they reflect the need to continue training in a model that has infinite nuances so that it can be implemented satisfactorily. It is necessary to continue researching a pedagogical model with so many possibilities in the area of PE and with so much transversality on a social level.

The Attitudinal Style as a Pedagogical Model in Physical Education: Analysis of Its Effects on Initial Teacher Training.

The implementation of the pedagogical model has meant an increase in rigour and coherence in Physical Education (PE) classes. The objectives of the study were twofold; (a) to delimit the characteristics and elements that make up Attitudinal Style as a pedagogical model; (b) to analyze the perception of future teachers on the usefulness and transferability of the model in their classes. Twelve future PE teachers (seven women and five men) with an age of 20.14 ± 1.48 participated. All of them were part of the University of Burgos (Spain). A qualitative approach was used with two data collection instruments (reflective group journals and discussion group) and two categories of analysis were established: (a) usefulness in the construction of professional identity; (b) transferability of the Attitudinal Style in the school. The results showed how future PE teachers consider the model as a transcendental methodological tool in understanding and addressing PE at school. Interpersonal relationships in the classroom, student autonomy and group responsibility are highlighted as necessary aspects with high transferability to the school.

Teaching Games for Understanding: A Comprehensive Approach to Promote Student's Motivation in Physical Education.

It seems important to consider students' attitudes towards physical education (PE), and the way they learn sports. The present study examines students' perceptions of motivation and achievement in PE after experiencing three consecutive sport units. Two hundred and thirty seven students from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grade in a high school in Burgos (Spain) and two teachers agreed to participate. They were divided into two groups in order to compare two instructional approaches. The experimental group (A), 128 students, experienced Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), while the control group (B), 109 students, experienced a technical-traditional approach. Each group was taught by a different teacher. The study followed a mixed-method research design with quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview) data. Results revealed that group A showed greater motivation and achievement in PE than group B. Significant differences were found in achievement. Participants with better academic results in group A were more positive in sport participation. Meanwhile, students who practiced more extracurricular sports in group B were more actively involved in sport. Teachers disagreed greatly on the way sport should be taught in PE.