RESUMO
Co-invasion, characterized by the simultaneous introduction of hosts and parasites with the latter establishing themselves in native hosts, is a phenomenon of ecological concern. Rattus rattus, a notorious invasive species, has driven the extinction and displacement of numerous avian and mammalian species and serves as a key vector for diseases affecting both humans and wildlife. Among the parasites hosted by R. rattus are fleas, which exhibit obligate parasitic behaviour, a generalist nature and high prevalence, increasing the likelihood of flea invasion. Simultaneously, invasive species can serve as hosts for native parasites, leading to potential amplification or dilution of parasite populations in the environment. In Chile, R. rattus has been present since the 17th century because of the arrival of the Spanish colonizers through the ports and has spread throughout urban, rural and wild Chilean territories. This study aims to evaluate whether co-invasion of native fleas of invasive rats occurs on native rodents in Chile and to determine whether black rats have acquired flea native to Chile during their invasion. For this, we captured 1132 rodents from 26 localities (20° S-53° S). Rattus rattus was found coexisting with 11 native rodent species and two species of introduced rodents. Among the native rodents, Abrothrix olivacea and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus exhibited more extensive sympatry with R. rattus. We identified 14 flea species associated with R. rattus, of which only three were native to rats: Xenopsylla cheopis, Leptopsylla segnis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus. These three species presented a higher parasite load in black rats compared to native fleas. Leptopsylla segnis and N. fasciatus were also found associated with native rodent species that cohabit with R. rattus. The remaining species associated with R. rattus were fleas of native rodents, although they were less abundant compared to those associated with native rodents, except for Neotyphloceras pardinasi and Sphinctopsylla ares. Although there has been evidence of flea transmission from rats to native species, the prevalence and abundance were relatively low. Therefore, it cannot be definitively concluded that these fleas have established themselves in native rodent populations, and hence, they cannot be classified as invasive fleas. This study underscores R. rattus' adaptability to diverse environmental and geographical conditions in Chile, including its capacity to acquire fleas from native rodents. This aspect has critical implications for public health, potentially facilitating the spread of pathogens across various habitats where these rats are found.
RESUMO
Characterizing the diversity and structure of host-parasite communities is crucial to understanding their eco-evolutionary dynamics. Malaria and related haemosporidian parasites are responsible for fitness loss and mortality in bird species worldwide. However, despite exhibiting the greatest ornithological biodiversity, avian haemosporidians from Neotropical regions are quite unexplored. Here, we analyze the genetic diversity of bird haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) in 1,336 individuals belonging to 206 bird species to explore for differences in diversity of parasite lineages and bird species across 5 well-differentiated Peruvian ecoregions. We detected 70 different haemosporidian lineages infecting 74 bird species. We showed that 25 out of the 70 haplotypes had not been previously recorded. Moreover, we also identified 81 new host-parasite interactions representing new host records for these haemosporidian parasites. Our outcomes revealed that the effective diversity (as well as the richness, abundance, and Shannon-Weaver index) for both birds and parasite lineages was higher in Amazon basin ecoregions. Furthermore, we also showed that ecoregions with greater diversity of bird species also had high parasite richness, hence suggesting that host community is crucial in explaining parasite richness. Generalist parasites were found in ecoregions with lower bird diversity, implying that the abundance and richness of hosts may shape the exploitation strategy followed by haemosporidian parasites. These outcomes reveal that Neotropical region is a major reservoir of unidentified haemosporidian lineages. Further studies analyzing host distribution and specificity of these parasites in the tropics will provide important knowledge about phylogenetic relationships, phylogeography, and patterns of evolution and distribution of haemosporidian parasites.
RESUMO
La colecistectomía laparoscópica no esta exenta de complicaciones, entre éstas se pueden atribuir a las propias del procedimiento laparoscópico, las que guardan relación con la cirugía vesicular y las complicaciones exclusivas de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Entre los años 2000 y 2005 se realizó un estudio de 118 colecistectomías laparoscópicas en la Caja Nacional H.O Nro 2; 94 pacientes eran del sexo femenino ( 80% ) y 24 pacientes del sexo masculino (20%). La edad media fue de 47 años ( 17-79 ). En 10 pacientes ( 8.4 % ) se realizó herniorrafia umbilical; En 24 pacientes (20 % ) se realizó el abordaje por tres puertos de entrada , técnica empleada desde el 2005. La tasa de conversión fue de 11 %; siendo la principal causa la presencia de adherencias en 5 pacientes (38%), Sospecha de cáncer 1 paciente (8%), Variantes anatómicas 3 pacientes (23%), hemorragia 1 paciente (8%), fístula colecistoduodenal, 3 pacientes (23%). En nuestra serie, el tipo de anestesia fue en el 100 % de tipo general. El promedio de la estancia hospitalaria fue menor a 24 horas en 83 pacientes (70%), y más de 24 horas 35 pacientes (30 %); El 100% de los pacientes ingresaron por el servicio ambulatorio y recibiendo antibioticoterapia profiláctica con 1gr cefotaxima EV.
The cholecystectomy laparoscopyc is not exempt of complications, some of this can be attributed to own laparoscopyc procedures, which have relation with the vesicular surgery and the exclusive complications of the cholecystectomy laparoscopyc. Between 2000 and 2005 they made a study of 118 laparoscopyc cholecystectomy at the Caja Nacional de Salud H.O N°2; having 94 female patients (80%) and 24 men patients (20%). The average age was 47 years-old (17-49). In 10 patients (8.4 %) it was made umbilical herniorrhaphy; 24 patients (20 %) it was approached by three entrance doors, technique used since 2005. The conversión tasa was 11%, being the main reason of conversión the presence of adhesión in 5 patients (38%), suspect of cancer on 1 patient (8%), anatomic alterations on 3 patients (23%), hemorrhage on 1 patient (8%), and fístula cholecystoduodenal on 3 patients (23%). In our set the anesthesia type was 100% of general type. The average of hospitalizaron was under 24 hours on 83 patients (70 %) and over 24 hours on 35 patients (30 %); 100% of the patients were admitted by the ambulance service. 1 cod. Receiving prophylactic antibiotic therapy 1 gr. Cefotaxima.
