Improvements in emotion regulation during cognitive behavior therapy predict subsequent social anxiety reductions.

Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience overall emotion regulation difficulties, but less is known about the long-term role of such difficulties in cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for SAD. Forty-six patients with SAD receiving internet-delivered CBT, and matched healthy controls (HCs; n = 39), self-reported the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-SR), and participated in anticipatory speech anxiety behavioral experiments. Patients were measured at seven time points before, during and after CBT over a total period of 28 months, and HCs at two timepoints. Disaggregated growth curve models with a total of 263 observations were used, as well as intra-class correlation coefficients and regression models. Patients' LSAS-SR and DERS ratings were reliable (ICC = .83 and .75 respectively), and patients, relative to controls, showed larger difficulties in emotion regulation at pre-treatment (p < .001). During CBT, within-individual improvements in emotion regulation significantly predicted later LSAS-SR reductions (p = .041, pseudo-R2 = 43%). Changes in emotion regulation may thus be important to monitor on an individual level and may be used to improve outcomes in future developments of internet-delivered CBT.

Prognostic subgroups of chronic pain patients using latent variable mixture modeling within a supervised machine learning framework.

The present study combined a supervised machine learning framework with an unsupervised method, finite mixture modeling, to identify prognostically meaningful subgroups of diverse chronic pain patients undergoing interdisciplinary treatment. Questionnaire data collected at pre-treatment and 1-year follow up from 11,995 patients from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation were used. Indicators measuring pain characteristics, psychological aspects, and social functioning and general health status were used to form subgroups, and pain interference at follow-up was used for the selection and the performance evaluation of models. A nested cross-validation procedure was used for determining the number of classes (inner cross-validation) and the prediction accuracy of the selected model among unseen cases (outer cross-validation). A four-class solution was identified as the optimal model. Identified subgroups were separable on indicators, predictive of long-term outcomes, and related to background characteristics. Results are discussed in relation to previous clustering attempts of patients with diverse chronic pain conditions. Our analytical approach, as the first to combine mixture modeling with supervised, targeted learning, provides a promising framework that can be further extended and optimized for improving accurate prognosis in pain treatment and identifying clinically meaningful subgroups among chronic pain patients.

Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation for patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic pain is a common manifestation of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders; thus it is often suggested that patients undergo generic interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation, despite there being little evidence to support this decision. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of standard rehabilitation programmes for chronic pain on patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders, compared with patients with other chronic pain disorders. SUBJECTS: Data, collected between 2008 and 2016, were extracted from a Swedish national registry. The patient data comprised of 406 cases with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or hypermobility spectrum disorders, 784 cases with a whiplash-related diagnosis, 3713 cases with diagnoses relating to spinal pain, and 2880 cases of fibromyalgia. METHODS: The differences between groups on key outcome measures from pre- to 1-year follow-up after interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation were analysed using linear mixed effects models. Sensitivity analysis in the form of pattern-mixture modelling was conducted to discern the impact of missing data. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in improvements from pre- to 1-year follow-up for patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or hypermobility spectrum disorder compared with other diagnostic groups regarding measures of health-related quality of life, mental health, or fatigue. At follow-up, differences in pain interference (d = -0.34 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] -0.5 to -0.18)), average pain (d = 0.22 (95% CI 0.11-0.62)) and physical functioning (d = 2.19 (95% CI 1.61-2.77)) were detected for the group with spinal-related diagnoses in relation to those with EDS/HSD, largely due to pre-treatment group differences. Sensitivity analysis found little evidence for missing data influencing the results. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome/hypermobility spectrum disorders may benefit from inclusion in an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme.

The inner workings of anger: A network analysis of anger and emotion regulation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the interrelations between emotion regulation strategies and different types of anger using network analysis. METHOD: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional sample of 538 adults (55% females; mean age = 39.8 years, SD = 12.3) seeking treatment for anger. Data were collected between March and November 2019 in Sweden. Participants completed measures of anger problems (anger expression, anger suppression, angry reactions, anger rumination, trait anger, hostility, physical aggression, and verbal aggression) and emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, anger relaxation, and five mindfulness strategies). To determine whether distinct clusters of anger nodes would emerge, exploratory graph analysis was employed. Based on clustering of nodes, we estimated separate networks including all measures of emotion regulation. RESULTS: Two clusters emerged: one consisting primarily of cognitive components of anger, and another of behavioral. Across networks, anger nodes were strongly interconnected, and anger rumination and anger suppression were especially influential. Several direct links were found between specific emotion regulation strategies and cognitive components of anger, whereas most strategies were only indirectly related to angry behavior. Cognitive reappraisal showed no direct link with any of the anger nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal potential pathways by which different emotion regulation strategies may influence different types of anger, which could serve as therapeutic targets.

Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial with rituximab for psychotic disorder in adults (RCT-Rits).

BACKGROUND: The role of inflammation in the aetiology of schizophrenia has gained wide attention and research on the association shows an exponential growth in the last 15 years. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections are risk factors for the later development of schizophrenia, elevated inflammatory markers in childhood or adolescence are associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia in adulthood, individuals with schizophrenia have increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to healthy controls, and autoimmune diseases are overrepresented in schizophrenia. However, treatments with anti-inflammatory agents are so far of doubtful clinical relevance. The primary objective of this study is to test whether the monoclonal antibody rituximab, directed against the B-cell antigen CD20 ameliorates psychotic symptoms in adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and to examine potential mechanisms. A secondary objective is to examine characteristics of inflammation-associated psychosis and to identify pre-treatment biochemical characteristics of rituximab responders. A third objective is to interview a subset of patients and informants on their experiences of the trial to obtain insights that rating scales may not capture. METHODS: A proof-of-concept study employing a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled design testing the effect of B-cell depletion in patients with psychosis. 120 participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) (ICD-10 codes F20, F25) will receive either one intravenous infusion of rituximab (1000 mg) or saline. Psychiatric measures and blood samples will be collected at baseline, week 12, and week 24 post-infusion. Brief assessments will also be made in weeks 2 and 7. Neuroimaging and lumbar puncture, both optional, will be performed at baseline and endpoints. Approximately 40 of the patients and their informants will be interviewed for qualitative analyses on the perceived changes in well-being and emotional qualities, in addition to their views on the research. DISCUSSION: This is the first RCT investigating add-on treatment with rituximab in unselected SSD patients. If the treatment is helpful, it may transform the treatment of patients with psychotic disorders. It may also heighten the awareness of immune-psychiatric disorders and reduce stigma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05622201, EudraCT-nr 2022-000220-37 version 2.1. registered 14th of October 2022.

Pervasive versus situational childhood ADHD: latent classes and their clinical characteristics, based on parent and teacher ratings in a large longitudinal population sample.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses require symptoms to be present in two settings. Low levels of concordance between symptoms rated at home and school raise questions regarding this approach. The aim was to examine whether there are sub-groups with context-specific expressions of ADHD symptoms (i.e., at home or school only) with clinically significant problems sufficient to support a new diagnostic formulation. We applied latent class transition analysis to parent and teacher data (N = 10,476) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), collected at ages 8, 10, and 20 years. We examined the short-term stability of emergent classes and their childhood and adult-associated risk profiles. In addition to an Unaffected class (~ 45%), there was a Pervasive Combined class with elevated inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms at both home and school (~ 11%) and three classes with situational expressions; School Combined (~ 9%), Home Combined (~ 18%), and School Inattentive (~ 16%). Stability ranged from 0.27 to 0.78. The Pervasive Combined class was most symptomatic and impaired. School inattentive also displayed clinical symptom levels, whereas the School and Home Combined classes displayed subclinical levels. Different profiles regarding sex, cognition, conduct problems, and substance use emerged for the three situational classes. Distinct groupings of pervasive and situational ADHD expressions are identifiable in the general population. The isolation of a stable and burdensome Pervasive Combined class lends support to the current diagnostic approach. However, there are indications of situational expressions of ADHD with clinical symptom levels and associated difficulties.

Treatment of worry and comorbid symptoms within depression, anxiety, and insomnia with a group-based rumination-focused cognitive-behaviour therapy in a primary health care setting: a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) has been described as a maintaining transdiagnostic factor for psychopathology within the areas of depression, anxiety and insomnia. We investigated the effects of rumination-focused cognitive-behaviour therapy (RF-CBT) in a group format at a primary health care centre on symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, RNT, and quality of life. The participants presented clinical symptom levels of worry and at least two disorders among anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, and insomnia disorder. Methods: A randomised controlled superiority parallel arm trial was used. 73 participants were included and randomised in pairs to either group-administered RF-CBT or a waiting list condition. The primary outcomes were self-rated worry and transdiagnostic symptoms (depression, anxiety, and insomnia). Intention-to-treat analyses of group differences were conducted using linear mixed models. Adverse side effects and incidents were presented descriptively. Results: Group RF-CBT significantly reduced self-reported insomnia at post-treatment and self-reported insomnia and depression at the 2 month-follow-up, relative to the wait-list control group. There was no significant difference in change in RNT, anxiety, or quality of life. Discussion: The current study suggests that group-administered RF-CBT may be effective for insomnia and potentially effective for depression symptomatology. However, the study was underpowered to detect small and moderate effects and the results should therefore be interpreted with caution.

Effect of Internet-Delivered Emotion Regulation Individual Therapy for Adolescents With Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Nonsuicidal self-injury is prevalent in adolescence and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Effective interventions that are brief, transportable, and scalable are lacking. Objective: To test the hypotheses that an internet-delivered emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents delivered adjunctive to treatment as usual is superior to treatment as usual only in reducing nonsuicidal self-injury and that improvements in emotion regulation mediate these treatment effects. Design, Setting, and Participants: This 3-site, single-masked, randomized superiority trial enrolled participants from November 20, 2017, to April 9, 2020. Eligible participants were aged between 13 and 17 years and met diagnostic criteria for nonsuicidal self-injury disorder; they were enrolled as a mixed cohort of consecutive patients and volunteers. Parents participated in parallel to their children. The primary end point was at 1 month after treatment. Participants were followed up at 3 months posttreatment. Data collection ended in January 2021. Interventions: Twelve weeks of therapist-guided, internet-delivered emotion regulation individual therapy delivered adjunctive to treatment as usual vs treatment as usual only. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was the youth version of the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory, both self-reported by participants prior to treatment, once every week during treatment, and for 4 weeks posttreatment, and clinician-rated by masked assessors prior to treatment and at 1 and 3 months posttreatment. Results: A total of 166 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 15.0 [1.2] years; 154 [92.8%] female) were randomized to internet-delivered emotion regulation therapy plus treatment as usual (84 participants) or treatment as usual only (82 participants). The experimental intervention was superior to the control condition in reducing clinician-rated nonsuicidal self-injury (82% vs 47% reduction; incidence rate ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.20-0.57) from pretreatment to 1-month posttreatment. These results were maintained at 3-month posttreatment. Improvements in emotion dysregulation mediated improvements in self-injury during treatment. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, a 12-week, therapist-guided, internet-delivered emotion regulation therapy delivered adjunctive to treatment as usual was efficacious in reducing self-injury, and mediation analysis supported the theorized role of emotion regulation as the mechanism of change in this treatment. This treatment may increase availability of evidence-based psychological treatments for adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03353961.

Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

A wide range of psychological treatments have been found to reduce the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but their relative effects are unclear. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we determined the effects of psychological treatments for IBS, including subtypes of cognitive behavior therapy, versus attention controls. We searched 11 databases (March 2022) for studies of psychological treatments for IBS, reported in journal articles, books, dissertations, and conference abstracts. The resulting database comprised 9 outcome domains from 118 studies published in 1983-2022. Using data from 62 studies and 6496 participants, we estimated the effect of treatment type on improvement in composite IBS severity using random-effects meta-regression. In comparison with the attention controls, there was a significant added effect of exposure therapy (g = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.17-0.88) and hypnotherapy (g = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.06-0.67) when controlling for the pre- to post-assessment duration. When additional potential confounders were included, exposure therapy but not hypnotherapy retained a significant added effect. Effects were also larger with a longer duration, individual treatment, questionnaire (non-diary) outcomes, and recruitment outside of routine care. Heterogeneity was substantial. Tentatively, exposure therapy appears to be a particularly promising treatment for IBS. More direct comparisons in randomized controlled trials are needed. OSF.io identifier: 5yh9a.

Are illness perceptions and patient self-care enablement mediators of treatment effect in best practice physiotherapy low back pain care? Secondary mediation analyses in the BetterBack trial.

INTRODUCTION: A best practice physiotherapy model of care (BetterBack MoC) for low back pain (LBP) aimed to improve patients' illness perceptions and self-care enablement, according to the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM). OBJECTIVE: To confirm if illness perceptions and patient self-care enablement, in line with the CSM, are mediators of treatment effects on disability and pain of the BetterBack MoC for patients with LBP compared to routine primary care. A secondary aim was to explore if illness perceptions and patient self-care enablement are mediators of guideline adherent care. METHODS: Pre-planned single mediation analyses tested whether hypothesized mediators at 3 months mediated the treatment effect of the MoC (n = 264) compared to routine care (n = 203) on disability and pain at 6 months. Secondary mediation analyses compared guideline adherent care with non-adherent care. RESULTS: No indirect effects were identified. The BetterBack intervention did not have superior effects over routine care on the hypothesized mediators. Illness perceptions and self-care enablement were significantly associated with disability and pain at 6 months. Secondary analyses showed significant indirect effects of guideline adherent care through tested mediators. CONCLUSION: Despite no indirect effects, patients' illness perceptions and self-care enablement were associated with disability and back pain intensity outcomes and are potentially relevant treatment targets.

Fear network and pain extent: Interplays among psychological constructs related to the fear-avoidance model.

OBJECTIVE: Psychological constructs related to the fear-avoidance model such as fear of movement, pain catastrophizing, and affective distress have been found to be inter-related among patients with chronic pain. However, relationships of these constructs have mostly been examined using regression-based analyses. This cross-sectional study employs a novel analytical approach, network analysis, to illustrate the complex interplays among these variables as well as pain intensity and pain interference. METHODS: This study utilized the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation, including data from 10,436 participants (76.0% women; Mage = 45.0 years). Networks were analyzed separately for patients with different pain extents (i.e., numbers of pain locations) as the interplays may differ qualitatively depending on pain extent. RESULTS: We found that patients with a larger pain extent showed a worse clinical presentation (i.e., more depression and anxiety, increased fear of movement and pain interference), and their network differed from the patients with a smaller number of pain extent in terms of how strongly key variables were interconnected. In all network models, pain interference and catastrophizing showed consistently influential roles. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the interactive nature of psychological aspects of pain and how interrelated associations differ depending on pain extent. Findings are discussed based on ideas on how both fear and pain become overgeneralized.

Anger profiles among individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger: Associations with emotion regulation.

Individuals who experience problems with anger represent a heterogeneous group. Identifying clinically relevant subtypes of anger may advance treatment research. In the current study, latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted to explore if distinct subtypes of anger could be identified within a sample of individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger (N = 538; 55.4% females; mean age = 39.78, SD = 12.28). Furthermore, the utility of the empirical classification was examined based on differences in usage of emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, mindful emotion awareness and relaxation) across subtypes. Four anger profiles were identified in the best-fitted LPA model: Low Anger (n = 153, 28.4%), Anger In (n = 91, 16.9%), Moderate Anger (n = 193, 35.9%) and High Anger (n = 101, 35.5%). Results from the multinominal regression revealed that the use of emotion regulation differed across all profiles. Participants from the High Anger and Anger In profiles exhibited distinct patterns of dysfunctional emotion regulation. The results add to the increasing amount of evidence demonstrating a link between emotion regulation strategies and maladaptive anger. Clinical implications on how to tailor treatments for individuals with maladaptive anger are discussed.

Targeting maladaptive anger with brief therapist-supported internet-delivered emotion regulation treatments: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative impact of three brief therapist-supported internet-delivered emotion regulation treatments for maladaptive anger (mindful emotion awareness [MEA], cognitive reappraisal [CR], and mindful emotion awareness + cognitive reappraisal [MEA + CR]) and to test whether baseline levels of anger pathology moderate treatment outcome. METHOD: Treatments were evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. In total, 234 participants (59% female; mean age = 41.1, SD = 11.6) with maladaptive anger were randomized to MEA (n = 78), CR (n = 77), or MEA + CR (n = 79). Self-reported primary and secondary outcomes were followed up at primary endpoint, 3 months after treatment termination (88% retention). Primary outcomes were also assessed weekly during a prolonged baseline phase (4 weeks) and an active treatment phase (4 weeks). RESULTS: At the primary endpoint, the MEA + CR was superior in terms of anger expression (d = 0.27 95% confidence interval, CI [0.03, 0.51]), aggression (d = 0.43 [0.18, 0.68]), and anger rumination (d = 0.41 [0.18, 0.63]). MEA + CR was particularly effective in reducing anger expression (d = 0.66 [0.21, 1.11]), aggression (d = 0.90 [0.42, 1.39]), and anger rumination (d = 0.80 [0.40, 1.20]) for individuals who reported high values (+1SD) of the outcomes at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Brief therapist-supported internet-delivered MEA and CR treatments are effective interventions for maladaptive anger. Combining MEA and CR is especially effective in reducing anger expression and aggression, particularly, in individuals who report higher levels of initial anger pathology. The present study highlights the importance of emotion regulation as an important treatment target for reducing maladaptive anger. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Clinical, demographic and theory-derived maintaining factors as moderators of treatment outcome in internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder.

Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) is an efficacious treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in youth. However, we have limited knowledge about patient characteristics that may be associated with better (or worse) treatment outcome. Particularly concerning factors suggested to be involved in the maintenance of SAD (e.g., anticipatory anxiety and post-event processing). The aim of the current study was to evaluate possible predictors and moderators of the effect of ICBT in a randomised controlled trial where children and adolescents (N = 103; 10-17 years) with SAD received either ICBT or internet-delivered supportive therapy, ISUPPORT. Examined variables were pre-treatment levels of social anxiety, depression symptoms, putative maintaining factors as well as demographic variables like age and gender. Latent growth curve models were used to examine predictors and moderators of changes in youth and clinician rated social anxiety symptoms, from pre-treatment to 3-month follow-up. Baseline depression symptoms moderated the outcome, with higher depression scores being associated with greater reduction of SAD symptoms in ICBT compared to ISUPPORT. More difficulties at baseline with anticipatory anxiety, post-event processing, focus of attention and safety behaviours predicted greater reduction of SAD symptoms, regardless of treatment condition. No other clinical or demographic variable predicted or moderated the outcome. In summary, baseline depression severity may be an important moderator of ICBT, but the preliminary finding needs replication in sufficiently powered trials.

Mediators of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy for insomnia disorder: A test of the processes in the cognitive model.

OBJECTIVE: To examine if the processes in the cognitive model mediate cognitive therapy (CT) and behavior therapy (BT) for insomnia. METHOD: Individuals diagnosed with insomnia disorder (n = 219) were randomized to telephone-supported internet-delivered CT (n = 72), BT (n = 73), or a wait-list (WL; n = 74). Cognitive processes (worry, dysfunctional beliefs, monitoring, and safety behaviors) proposed to maintain insomnia and treatment outcome (insomnia severity index) were assessed biweekly. Criteria for evaluating mediators were assessed via parallel process growth modeling and cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS: Parallel process growth modeling showed that dysfunctional beliefs, monitoring, and safety behaviors significantly mediated the effects of both CT and BT. Cross-lagged panel models confirmed that dysfunctional beliefs and monitoring (approaching significance) influenced subsequent within-individual change in insomnia severity in CT. In BT, however, prior changes in insomnia severity predicted subsequent changes in worry and monitoring, and reciprocal influences among processes and outcomes were observed for dysfunctional beliefs and safety behaviors. Furthermore, the effect of safety behaviors on outcome was significantly larger for BT compared to CT. CONCLUSION: Together, the findings support the role of dysfunctional beliefs and monitoring as processes of change in CT and safety behaviors as a specific mediator in BT. Limited evidence was provided for worry as a mediator. The findings could improve clinical management and increase our conceptual understanding of insomnia and its maintaining factors by underscoring the relevance of these three processes for insomnia, as well as indicate important routes for future research, such as investigating how baseline presentations might moderate these mediations, for example moderated mediation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Prior information can alter how sounds are perceived and emotionally regulated.

In the current study, we provided participants with written information about emotional dimensions of a sound presented as a task-irrelevant sound in the context of a serial recall task. We were interested in whether this manipulation would influence sound perception and spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies. Participants were informed that they would hear either an aversive and annoying sound, or a pleasant and calming sound. They subsequently performed three blocks of a serial recall task with the sound presented in the background and rated the sound after each block. Results showed that participants in the negative information group rated the sound as more negative, with effects diminishing over repeated trials. While not impacting emotion regulation strategy directly, the manipulation indirectly influenced the degree to which participants used mental suppression as a regulatory strategy via changing affective responses. In the negative information condition specifically, participants who experienced the sound as more negative were more inclined to use mental suppression to deal with the sound, whereas no such relationship was observed in the positive information condition. The study adds to our understanding of how sounds come to acquire emotional meaning and how individuals spontaneously cope with emotional, task-irrelevant sounds.

Psychological Acceptance in Adults With Hearing Loss-Psychometric Evaluation and Validation of the Hearing Acceptance Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVES: Hearing loss is common and a major contributor to the global number of years lived with disability. An increasing number of studies have begun to consider the specific psychological processes by which distressing thoughts, emotional experiences and non-adaptive behaviours exert an influence on functioning and health among those who suffer from audiological disorders. Psychological acceptance has recently been proposed to be a core process but has to date not been systematically examined among individuals with hearing problems. This study examined the reliability, factor structure and the validity of the Hearing Acceptance Questionnaire (HAQ). DESIGN: The HAQ was developed from similar questionnaires for other chronic health conditions and was evaluated using data from an online screening of hearing ability (N=1351). Measures included a hearing test (speech-in-noise), standardized and validated self-report measurements of anxiety and depression symptoms (the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale), hearing related disability (the Amsterdam Inventory of Hearing Disability and Handicap), and quality of life (the Quality of Life Inventory). Factor structure of the HAQ was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis, and the unique contribution of psychological acceptance in accounting for variance in hearing disability was examined by hierarchical multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Findings supported the reliability, factor structure and validity of the HAQ. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model with one subscale measuring Avoidance with 9 items; alpha = 0.84) and the other Activity Engagement (3 items; alpha = 0.76). Both subscales of the HAQ explained unique variance in disability after hearing ability, depression and anxiety symptoms were statistically taken into account. Theoretical and clinical implications of psychological acceptance in adults with hearing problems are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: This paper evaluated the psychometric properties of a new measure of hearing loss acceptance, the HAQ, to measure psychological acceptance among individuals with hearing problems. Regression analysis revealed that lack of psychological acceptance was strongly positively correlated with hearing disability, even after accounting for other psychological factors and hearing ability. Taken together, the findings provide preliminary support for HAQ as a psychometrically sound measure of psychological acceptance among individuals with hearing problems.

No sound is more distracting than the one you're trying not to hear: delayed costs of mental control of task-irrelevant neutral and emotional sounds.

BACKGROUND: Suppressing intrusive thoughts can result in a post-suppression rebound effect where the same thoughts become hyperaccessible. The current study aimed to investigate if similar so-called rebound effects could be observed when people attempted to mentally suppress awareness of nonsensical auditory stimuli. Based on previous research on thought suppression and mental control in other domains, we hypothesized that attempting to suppress awareness of a task-irrelevant sound while under cognitive load would impact evaluations of the sound on affective dimensions and loudness, and result in increased general vigilance, as evidenced by faster responding on subsequent tasks. METHODS: We performed two experiments where participants in a suppression condition were initially instructed to mentally suppress awareness of a sound while performing a mentally challenging task. Participants in a control condition performed the same task without receiving any instructions regarding the sound. In Experiment 1, the sound was affectively neutral, while in Experiment 2 participants were presented with an inherently aversive (tinnitus-like) sound. After this initial phase, participants performed tasks measuring vigilance and attention, and were also asked to give subjective ratings of the sounds on a number of affective dimensions and loudness. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, participants in the suppression condition showed faster response times on both a visual search task and an auditory spatial cueing task, as compared to participants in the control condition. Contrary to our predictions, participants in the suppression condition did not rate the distractor sound as louder than participants in the control condition, and there were no differences on affective dimensions. In Experiment 2, results revealed that participants in the suppression condition made more errors on a visual search task, specifically on trials where the previously suppressed sound was presented. In contrast to results from Experiment 1, participants in the suppression condition also rated the targeted sound as louder. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide preliminary support for a post-suppression rebound effect in the auditory domain and further suggest that this effect may be moderated by the emotional properties of the auditory stimulus.

Factor structure and clinical correlates of the original and 16-item version of the Difficulties In Emotion Regulation Scale in adolescent girls with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is increasingly used in adolescents. This study is the first to examine the factor structure, measurement, and structural invariance across age, reliability, and validity of the original 36-item and 16-item version of the DERS in adolescents with eating disorders. METHODS: Several models were examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement and structural invariance were studied across age groups, and Omega, Omega Hierarchical, and criterion validity were examined. RESULTS: A bifactor model, with five subscales, showed acceptable fit in both DERS versions. Measurement and structural invariance held across age. The general factor had high reliability and accounted for a large proportion of variance in eating pathology and emotional symptoms. CONCLUSION: The Awareness subscale had a negative effect on fit in DERS, but both DERS versions were reliable and valid measures in both younger and older adolescents with eating disorders when using only five subscales.

Longitudinal, bidirectional relationships of insomnia symptoms and musculoskeletal pain across adolescence: the mediating role of mood.

ABSTRACT: Previous studies have established a bidirectional relationship between sleep and pain, and mood has been proposed as a mediator of this relationship. There are only a limited number of longitudinal studies examining the mediational role of mood, and the directionality of effects between sleep, pain, and mood is uncertain. In addition, despite the high prevalence of pain and sleep problems during adolescence, these relationships have rarely been examined in a longitudinal sample of adolescents. Here, longitudinal survey data with 5 yearly measurements were used to examine the bidirectional relationship between insomnia symptoms and pain across adolescence (Mbaseline age = 13.65 years, Nbaseline = 2767). We also explored if depressed mood, positive affect, and anxious mood are mediators in both directions of the sleep-pain relationship. Using latent variables for insomnia, pain, and mood at multiple time points, the data were analyzed with cross-lagged panel models for longitudinal data with structural equation modeling. Current results confirmed a bidirectional relationship between insomnia symptoms and pain, where the effect of insomnia symptoms on pain was stronger than vice versa. Depressed mood and anxious mood mediated the effect of insomnia symptoms on pain, but not the reverse effect of pain on insomnia symptoms. Positive affect did not serve as a mediator in either direction. These findings add novel insights into the temporal directionality of sleep, pain, and mood during adolescence, suggesting a temporal path from sleep to pain, through mood, rather than a reciprocal relationship between the constructs.