RESUMO
Infectious diseases, especially viral infections, have emerged as a major concern for public health in recent years. Recently emerged COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a pandemic by World Health Organization since March 2020. It was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since claimed more than a million lives. Complicated symptoms are associated with rising incidence and fatality rates, while many of the vaccine candidates are in the final stages of clinical trials. This review encompasses a summary of existing literature on COVID-19, including the basics of the disease such as the causative agent's genome characterization, modes of transmission of the virus, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations like associated immune responses, neurological manifestations, the variety of host genetic factors influencing the disease and the vulnerability of different groups being affected by COVID-19.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/metabolismo , COVID-19/patologia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/metabolismo , China , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2/imunologiaRESUMO
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has potentially conflicting roles in health and disease. COVID-19 coronavirus binds to human cells via ACE2 receptor, which is expressed on almost all body organs. Boosting the ACE2 receptor levels on heart and lung cells may provide more cellular enter to virus thereby worsening the infection. Therefore, among the drug targets, ACE2 is suggested as a vital target of COVID-19 therapy. This hypothesis is based on the protective role of the drugs acting on ACE2. Therefore, this review discusses the impact and challenges of using ACE2 as a target in the current therapy of COVID-19.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/antagonistas & inibidores , Antivirais/química , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/química , Monofosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Monofosfato de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/química , Alanina/metabolismo , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/metabolismo , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Azitromicina/química , Azitromicina/metabolismo , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/virologia , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/química , Hidroxicloroquina/metabolismo , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Vitamina D/química , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Vitamina D/uso terapêutico , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
The world is currently facing the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to a lack of specific treatment and prophylaxis, protective health measures that can reduce infection severity and COVID-19 mortality are urgently required. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency can be linked to an increased risk of viral infection, including COVID-19. Therefore, in this review, we looked at various possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection and severity. We describe in this article that individuals at high risk of vitamin D deficiency should consider taking vitamin D supplements to keep optimal concentrations. Moreover, we discuss different possible mechanisms by which vitamin D can efficiently reduce the risk of infections through modulation of innate and adaptive immunity against various types of infections. It is advisable to perform further studies addressing the observed influence of vitamin D levels to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality.
