RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intraoperative blood loss is considered to be an important issue in hypospadias surgery. Some studies have demonstrated the utility of caudal epidural block (CEB) in this regard among pediatric patients with hypospadias. Though there is evidence in favor of the use of CEB as the only anesthetic method for pediatric surgeries, it is usually used in combination with general anesthesia. In this form of use, it could have more favorable outcomes for both intra- and postoperative periods. There are few studies regarding the effectiveness of CEB on intraoperative blood loss. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the utility of CEB on blood loss, operation time, and analgesic use during hypospadias repairs of pediatric population referred to our university hospitals. STUDY DESIGN: In this randomized clinical trial, consecutive patients with hypospadias who were candidate for surgery were enrolled and randomly allocated to one of the two groups: group A received caudal epidural block (CEB) plus general anesthesia (GA) before surgery and group B received only GA. Intraoperative blood loss, operation time, and dose of fentanyl used during the procedure were recorded and compared. All surgeries were performed by a single pediatric urologist in two different university hospitals that was not blinded to the study groups. RESULTS: In this study, 57 pediatric patients with hypospadias who underwent surgical repair were studied, from which 29 and 28 patients were allocated to receive or not to receive preoperative CEB, respectively. The patients' age, weight, ASA, score and severity of hypospadias were not significantly different between the two groups. The operation time was significantly lower in the CEB before surgery group (p < 0.05). The mean dose of fentanyl and volume of blood loss during procedure were lower in the CEB group, although for fentanyl it approached but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The findings of current study indicated that caudal epidural anesthesia in addition to general anesthesia has a favorable effect on reducing blood loss during operation, operation time, and analgesic use. Our data confirm the findings of previous studies in this field. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the effect of this type of analgesia in other outcomes of hypospadias repair surgery. Our results could be used for revising existing surgical guidelines for better management of hypospadias.
Assuntos
Anestesia Caudal , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica/estatística & dados numéricos , Hipospadia/cirurgia , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In considering the importance of postoperative pain management and its consequences on its related secondary outcomes including nausea, vomiting, and operation-related complications, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of the three analgesic agents including ketamine, paracetamol, and magnesium sulfate for postoperative pain relief and associated consequences in this trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this double-blinded randomized control clinical trial, patients scheduled for elective lower extremity orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled and randomized into four groups for receiving intravenous ketamine (0.25 mg/kg), paracetamol (15 mg/kg), magnesium sulfate (7.5 mg/kg), and placebo (normal saline), immediately after the induction of anesthesia. Postoperative pain scores, analgesic, and metoclopramide use, and frequency of vomiting and satisfaction score of studied patients in the four studied groups during the 6 h, 6-12 h, and 12-24 h after recovery were recorded and compared. RESULTS: In this trial, thirty patients randomized in each studied groups. Mean of postoperative pain score was significantly lower in ketamine group than others during 24 h after recovery (P < 0.001). Mean of additive analgesic use was significantly lower in ketamine group during 12 h after recovery (P < 0.001), but it was not significantly different during 12-24 h after recovery (P = 0.12). Mean of vomiting frequency and metoclopramide use was not different between groups (P > 0.05). Excellent and good satisfaction score were significantly higher in ketamine group than other groups (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine has more superior effect for during recovery and postoperative pain controlling and analgesic use than paracetamol and magnesium sulfate.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain is one of the most common complaints after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of paravertebral block using bupivacaine with/without fentanyl on postoperative pain and complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was done on 90 patients scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were assessed in two groups: The case group received bupivacaine and fentanyl, and the control group received bupivacaine and normal saline. Primary outcomes were severity of postoperative pain at rest and during coughing. Secondary outcomes were postoperative cumulative morphine consumption and the incidence of side-effects. RESULTS: Pain score at rest before surgery, after recovery, hour-1 and hour-6 was not significantly different between the groups. But in hour-24 cases, the pain score during coughing was significantly higher than controls. Severity of pain at rest in time points was not different between groups. The frequencies (%) of moderate pain at mentioned times in case and control groups were 64, 31, 16, 9, 0 versus 67, 16, 7, 4, and 0, respectively. Pain score during coughing was lower in controls at hour-24 in comparison with cases, but in other time points was not significant. The control group significantly received more total dose of morphine in comparison with cases group. Nausea, vomiting and hypotension were similar in groups, but pruritus was significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: Adding fentanyl to bupivacaine in paravertebral block did not significantly improve the postoperative pain and complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, further studies are needed to be done.
