The magnon dynamics and spin exchange parameters of FePS3.

The spin waves in a powdered sample of a quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet, FePS(3), have been measured using neutron inelastic scattering. The data could be modelled and the exchange interactions determined using a two-dimensional Heisenberg Hamiltonian with single ion anisotropy. A suitable fit to the data could only be achieved by including magnetic interactions up to the third nearest neighbour, which is consistent with the findings for other members of the MPS(3) family (M=transition metal). The best fit parameters at 6 K were J(1) = 1.49 meV, J(2) = 0.04 meV, J(3) =- 0.6 meV, with an anisotropy of Δ = 3.7 meV. Measurements as a function of temperature give a coarse measure of the behaviour of the anisotropy and the nature of the phase transition.

High energy excitations measured by neutron spectroscopy in FePS(3).

The quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet FePS(3) has been investigated using inelastic neutron spectroscopy with the time-of-flight spectrometer HET at the ISIS spallation neutron source. In the paramagnetic regime, two clearly resolved, high energy excitations were observed in the low scattering angle detector banks at 195(5) meV and 430(10) meV. The absence of these transitions from the high angle detector banks indicates that they are likely to be due to the crystal fields and magnetic in origin. The two transitions most probably represent electronic transitions in the Fe(2+) ion among the low lying crystal field and spin-orbit split levels raised from the ground state. It has not yet been determined why the energies are greater than those observed in a comparable Raman experiment.

What is your life like now? Loneliness and elderly individuals residing in nursing homes.

Loneliness has been associated with cognitive deterioration, social isolation, hopelessness, and the inability to perform independent activities of daily living. Three factors have been found to increase levels of loneliness among elderly individuals residing in a nursing home: lack of intimate relationships, increased dependency, and loss. Nurses in long-term care facilities are in a position to directly intervene with elderly residents. Individualized interventions will allow the resident to have greater well being and greater quality of life.

Ethical implications of pain management in a nursing home: a discussion.

Pain is the most frequently communicated complaint among elderly people. Discussion of the ethics of pain management in nursing home residents has not appeared in the literature. The purpose of this article is to present an ethically-based pain management action plan for elderly nursing home residents. Nurses empowered with the latest information and cognizant and comfortable with their own views about pain are likely to effectuate a positive patient outcome. Further research will add to the current knowledge base while laying the groundwork for new interventions.

Pain among the elderly: an action plan.

Pain is the most frequently communicated nursing-sensitive patient outcome among the elderly. An effective action plan to decrease pain among the elderly should encompass both medically based interventions and psychosocial techniques. Nurses who are familiar with the latest information about pain and who are cognizant of and comfortable with their own views about pain are likely to bring about a positive patient outcome. Further research will add to the current knowledge base while laying the groundwork for new interventions.

Spirituality and the elderly: nursing implications with nursing home residents.

Spiritual care is integral to quality nursing care for nursing home residents. Spirituality can be defined as dynamic principles developed throughout the lifespan that guide a person's view of the world; influence his or her interpretation of a higher power, hope, morals, loss, faith, love, and trust; and provide structure and meaning to everyday activities. Spiritually focused nursing interventions include silent witnessing, serving as a liaison, and active listening. Nursing interventions for spiritual care can be divided into four dynamic phases: self-comfort, assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Spiritual well-being helps residents' total well-being and inner peace.