Cultural adaptation, content, and protocol of a feasibility study of school-based "Let's learn about emotions" intervention for Finnish primary school children.

Introduction: Emotional awareness and emotion regulation are crucial for cognitive and socio-emotional development in children. School-based interventions on socio-emotional skills have the potential to prevent these problems and promote well-being of children. The Japanese school-based program, Universal Unified Prevention Program for Diverse Disorders (Up2-D2), has shown preventive effects on mental health of children in Japan. The aims of this protocol paper are to describe the unique process of adapting the Up2-D2 from Eastern to Western context, and to present a feasibility study of the intervention, conducted in Finland. Methods: The cultural adaptation process started with the linguistic translation of materials, followed by the modification of language to fit the Finnish context. While the Japanese ideology was saved, some content was adapted to fit Finnish school children. Further modifications were made based on feedback from pupils and teachers. The Finnish version of the program was named "Let's learn about emotions" and consisted of 12 sessions and targeted 8- to 12-year-old pupils. A teacher education plan was established to assist Finnish teachers with the intervention, including a workshop, teachers' manual, brief introductory videos, and online support sessions. A feasibility study involving 512 4th graders in the City of Hyvinkää, South of Finland, was conducted. It assessed emotional and behavioral problems, classroom climate, bullying, loneliness, perception of school environment, knowledge of emotional awareness, and program acceptability. Discussion: The originality of this study underlies in the East-West adaptation of a cognitive behavioral therapy-based program. If promising feasibility findings are replicated in Finland, it could pave the way for further research on implementing such programs in diverse contexts and cultures, promoting coping skills, awareness, social skills and early prevention of child mental health problems. Ethics: The ethical board of the University of Turku gave ethics approval for this research. The educational board of the City of Hyvinkää accepted this study.

Late events and mid-term results after endovascular aneurysm repair.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the late events and mid-term results after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). METHODS: Between December 2006 and May 2012, 175 abdominal aortic aneurysms were treated by EVAR. Aneurysm-related events were analyzed. RESULTS: The complications that occurred during the EVAR procedure were renal artery occlusion in two patients, access artery injury in two, delivery failure in one, retrograde aortic dissection in one, and death from hepatic failure in one patient. Five adverse endoleaks (four type I, one type III) remained at discharge, and the technical success rate was 97 %. On follow-up, limb occlusion had occurred in five patients. Unilateral renal atrophy was found in three patients, but none of the patients required new hemodialysis. Sac enlargement (≥5 mm) developed in ten patients. Their culprit endoleaks were type Ia in one, II in eight, and V in one patient. Transarterial embolization was performed for three out of the eight type II endoleaks. The rate of freedom from secondary re-intervention was 93 % at 3 and 5 years, respectively. The survival and freedom from aneurysm-related events rates were 74 % at 3 years and 47 % at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The mid-term results of EVAR were excellent with a low rate of aneurysm-related deaths, although there were relatively high aneurysm-related event rates. Sac re-enlargement from type II endoleaks was the most common major issue at the mid-term follow-up.

Conservative treatment for patients with intermittent claudication.

AIM: The effect of pharmacotherapy or supervised exercise training on patients with intermittent claudication was assessed. METHODS: One hundred patients with stable intermittent claudication due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were analyzed. We divided the patients into 2 groups: patients treated by pharmacotherapy alone (Group A: 39 claudicants) and patients treated by supervised exercise training and pharmacotherapy (Group B: 61 claudicants). The changes in ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) and recovery time of ABI after a 40-m walk (RT(40)) and absolute claudication distance (ACD) on a treadmill before and after each treatment were assessed. RESULTS: In Group A, RT(40) decreased from 9.5 +/- 5.8 min at the baseline to 6.4 +/- 3.5 min after 6 months (P=0.0002). In Group B, it decreased from 9.7+/-5.2 min at the baseline to 6.3+/-4.2 min after 3 weeks (P<0.0001). In Group A, ACD increased from 249+/-177 m at the baseline to 317+/-168 m after 6 months (P=0.0003). In Group B, it increased from 143+/-90 m at the baseline to 257+/-161 m after 3 weeks (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Hemodynamics and walking ability were improved by either short-term supervised exercise training or midterm pharmacotherapy. RT(40) may be useful for predicting the effect of conservative treatment on intermittent claudication. Greater increases in ACD after treatment can be achieved in claudicants with a shorter RT(40) before conservative treatment.

The expression profile of functional regulatory T cells, CD4+CD25high+/forkhead box protein P3+, in patients with ulcerative colitis during active and quiescent disease.

Regulatory T cells (T(reg)) have an essential role in maintaining immune tolerance in the gut. The functional CD4(+) T(reg) express the transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) or a CD25(high) in humans. Further, depletion of elevated granulocytes/monocytes by extracorporeal adsorption (GMA) induces immunomodulation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated the impact of GMA on T(reg). Thirty-one UC patients, clinical activity index (CAI) 12.1 +/- 2.97, refractory to conventional medications including intravenous corticosteroid and 13 healthy controls (HC), were included. Patients received five GMA sessions over 5 weeks. Biopsies from the rectal mucosa and blood samples at baseline and post-GMA were immunostained with anti-CD4/FoxP3 and anti-CD4/CD25 antibodies for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Following GMA, 22 of 31 patients achieved remission (CAI

Association between IL-18 gene promoter polymorphisms and inflammatory bowel disease in a Japanese population.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic cytokine that induces the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma and also to regulate Th2 cytokines. Recently, association studies between IL-18 gene promoter polymorphisms and several Th1- or Th2-mediated inflammatory diseases were reported. In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), recent evidence suggests that IL-18 is involved in the pathogenesis. METHODS: Using DNA direct sequencing, we investigated IL-18 gene promoter polymorphisms at -607C/A and -137G/C. Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies were determined in 210 Japanese patients with UC, 205 patients with CD, and 212 controls. RESULTS: In UC, the -137C allele frequency was significantly higher in the proctitis-type patients than in controls (Pc = 0.0068). The -137 genotype frequency was also significantly different in the proctitis-type patients than in controls (Pc = 0.032). No other allele and genotype frequencies were significantly associated with UC after Bonferroni correction. Furthermore, the frequency of haplotype 2 (-607A, -137C), which had a lower promoter activity and IFN-gamma mRNA level than the other haplotypes as previously reported, was significantly higher in the proctitis-type patients than in controls (Pc = 0.01). In CD, we could not find any significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: IL-18 gene promoter polymorphisms may not be associated with disease susceptibility but related to the extent of disease in UC.

A phase I trial of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor-oriented peptide vaccines for colorectal carcinoma patients.

In most protocols of peptide-based vaccination, no consideration has been paid to whether or not peptide-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) precursors are pre-existent in cancer patients. Initiation of immune boosting through vaccination is better than that of immune priming to induce prompt and strong immunity. In this study, 10 human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-A24(+) patients with advanced colorectal carcinomas were treated with up to four peptides that had been positive for pre-vaccination measurement of peptide-specific CTL precursors in the circulation (CTL precursor-oriented peptide vaccine). No severe adverse effect was observed, although local pain and fever of grade I or II were observed. Post-vaccination peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from five patients demonstrated an increased peptide-specific immune response to the peptides. Increased CTL response to cancer cells was detected in post-vaccination PBMCs of five patients. Antipeptide immunoglobulin G became detectable in post-vaccination sera of seven patients. Three patients developed a positive delayed-type hypersensitivity response to at least one of the peptides administrated. One patient was found to have a partial response; another had a stable disease, sustained through 6 months. These results encourage further development of CTL precursor-oriented vaccine for colorectal cancer patients.

Detection of peptide-specific CTL-precursors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients.

Development of therapeutic vaccines is one of the major areas of tumour immunotherapy today. However, clinical trials of peptide-based cancer vaccines have rarely resulted in tumour regression. This failure might be due to an insufficient induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the current regimes, in which cytotoxic T lymphocytes-precursors in pre-vaccination peripheral blood mononuclear cells are not measured. Initiation of immune-boosting through vaccination could be better than that of immune-priming with regard to induction of prompt and strong immunity. If this is also the case for therapeutic vaccines, pre-vaccination measurement of peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes-precursors will be important. In the present study, we investigated whether cytotoxic T lymphocytes-precursors reacting to 28 kinds of peptides of vaccine candidates (13 and 15 peptides for HLA-A24(+) and HLA-A2(+) patients, respectively) were detectable in pre-vaccination peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 80 cancer patients. Peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes-precursors were found to be detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the majority of cancer patients (57 out of 80 cases, 71%). The mean numbers of positive peptides were 2.0 peptides per positive case. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with positive peptides, not with negative peptides, showed significant levels of HLA-class-I-restricted cytotoxicity to cancer cells. The profiles of positive peptides entirely varied among patients, and were not influenced by the cancer origin. These results may provide a scientific basis for the development of a new approach to cancer immunotherapy, e.g.) cytotoxic T lymphocytes-precursor-oriented peptide vaccine.

Successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents relapse of peptic ulcer disease.

BACKGROUND: The NIH consensus conference in 1994 recommended that all patients with peptic ulcers should be tested and treated for Helicobacter pylori. Recent studies have shown that the eradication of H. pylori is associated with a significant reduction in the relapse rate of peptic ulcers, but there are few reports about long-term outcome. AIMS: To evaluate the relapse rate of peptic ulcer in the long-term follow-up of patients after H. pylori eradication therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients infected with H. pylori (445; 88 duodenal ulcer, 357 gastric ulcer) were randomly divided into three groups. In group A, patients received 'conventional treatment' including acid decreasing therapy with a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or proton pump inhibitor (PPI). In group B, patients received 'dual therapy' including one antibiotic plus acid-decreasing therapy. In group C, patients received 'triple therapy' with PPI plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Eradication of H. pylori infection was assessed by histology of biopsy specimens from both the antrum and body corpus at 4 weeks, and 6 and 12 months after stopping therapy. Endoscopy was performed at intervals of 6 months for 5 years. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat eradication rates for the duodenal ulcer patients were 0% for group A, 46% for group B and 80% for group C; eradication rates for the gastric ulcer patients were 0%, 33% and 83% respectively. No recurrence was noted in the duodenal ulcer patients and only 4% of gastric ulcers recurred after successful eradication during follow-up for 5 years. In contrast, in patients with persistent H. pylori infection all DU and 92% of gastric ulcers recurred. CONCLUSION: Eradication of H. pylori infection changes the natural course of peptic ulcer.

Epigenetic mark sequence of the H19 gene in human sperm.

We have investigated the epigenetic mark in the human H19 gene. The H19 promoter is methylation-free in human sperm, but it is methylated in the paternally derived allele of most adult tissues. Consequently, the H19 gene is exclusively transcribed from the maternal allele. It was demonstrated that the differentially methylated region (DMR) located 2 kb upstream from mouse H19 is essential for the imprinting of H19. A 39 bp sequence in DMR has a high degree of similarity between humans, mice and rats. The highly conserved 15 bp core region of the consensus sequence contains four methylatable sites, and thus has been proposed as a potential imprinting mark region. In this study, fine epigenetic sequencing analysis was performed on the sperm DNA in comparison with other adult organs. Interestingly, the conserved sequence of the potential mark region was methylated in almost all the sperm genomes analyzed. Furthermore, the single dinucleotide CpG, whose methylation affects the accessibility of the element to CTCF, was methylated in the conserved core in the human sperm. These results suggest that the human core sequences may act as an imprinting center in the reciprocal monoallelic expression of H19.

Expression of Interleukin-18, a Th1 cytokine, in human gastric mucosa is increased in Helicobacter pylori infection.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a cytokine that promotes Th1 responses, is processed to the active mature protein by caspase-1. The effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric IL-18 and caspase-1 were examined. In antral mucosa, IL-18 mRNA expression was greater (P<.01) in H. pylori-positive (n=40) than in H. pylori-negative patients (n=29) with normal mucosa. Inactive precursor (24 kDa) and mature (18 kDa) IL-18 were present in antral biopsy specimens from uninfected and infected subjects. In corpus mucosa, mature IL-18 and a 16-kDa protein, corresponding to inactive IL-18, were present. Active caspase-1 p20 subunit was detected in antral and corpus mucosa of infected and uninfected subjects. These data show that, although H. pylori infection is associated with increased antral IL-18 mRNA expression, mature IL-18 protein and active caspase-1 p20 are present in mucosa of both H. pylori-infected and -uninfected subjects. IL-18 may have an important role in promoting gastric Th1 responses in H. pylori infection.

Fluorescent indicators for cyclic GMP based on cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha and green fluorescent proteins.

We describe herein fluorescent indicators for cyclic GMP (cGMP) in single living cells. cGMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha (PKG Ialpha), a receptor for cGMP, was fused with blue- and red-shifted green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) to its N- and C-termini, respectively. Using PKG lalpha delta1-47, in which the dimerization domain was deleted, fluorescence resonance energy transfer between the GFPs was found to increase upon cGMP-induced conformational change in PKG Ialpha delta1-47. We demonstrated that thus-developed fluorescent indicators reversibly responded to cGMP that was produced in nitric oxide-stimulated HEK293 cells. The present genetically encoded fluorescent indicators open a way not only for understanding the dynamics of cGMP signaling in single cells and organisms but also for discovering pharmaceuticals such as isoform-specific inhibitors for phosphodiesterases.

Differential androgen sensitivity is associated with clonal heterogeneity in steroid metabolism, ornithine decarboxylase regulation and IL-1alpha action in mouse mammary tumor cells.

Upon androgen deprivation, Shionogi (SC-115) mouse mammary tumors undergo phenotypic changes enabling their escape from growth dependence on androgens. Even within androgen-responsive cell populations, marked clonal heterogeneity is observed in the trophic effects of androgens. The present study compares several parameters of androgen action between three SC-115 cell clonal subpopulations exhibiting high (clone 107), low (clone S1A2) and no trophic response (clone 415) to androgens. These parameters pertain to (1) kinetics of androgen binding, (2) metabolism of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol (3beta-diol), (3) ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and (4) interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) action on cell proliferation. Only marginal differences in the affinity and abundance of androgen-specific binding sites were detected between the three clones. While clone S1A2 degraded DHT to 3alpha-diol at a much faster rate than the highly androgen-sensitive 107 cells and androgen-insensitive 415 cells, differences in the rates of intracrine conversion of 3alpha-diol and 3beta-diol to DHT did not correlate with the ability of these steroids to stimulate cell proliferation. Induction of ODC activity at the onset of exponential growth was strongly DHT-dependent in 107 cells, whereas this dependence was markedly attenuated in androgen-hyposensitive cells. Unexpectedly, DHT strongly repressed the marked ODC induction resulting from fresh medium addition in 415 cells which show no growth response to androgens. Low IL-1alpha concentrations were mitogenic in all three SC-115 clones. Whereas the mitogenic action of IL-1alpha was completely androgen-dependent in 107 cells, this dependence was relieved in S1A2 cells, which responded to DHT and IL-1alpha in an additive fashion. Thus, clonal heterogeneity in the pattern of steroid metabolism within Shionogi tumors cannot solely account for loss of androgen dependence, which may rather correlate with the constitutive activation of transduction pathways controlling the expression of growth-associated genes (e.g. ODC) by serum growth factors, including IL-1alpha.

Increased expression of IL-10 and IL-12 (p40) mRNA in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric mucosa: relation to bacterial cag status and peptic ulceration.

AIMS: To investigate interleukin (IL)-12 (p40) and IL-10 mRNA expression levels in the gastric mucosa in relation to H pylori cag status, peptic ulceration, and histopathology. METHODS: In 81 dyspeptic patients, antral and corpus biopsies were taken for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histology. G3PDH (control) and IL-10 and IL-12 were coamplified in a duplex PCR and the ratios of cytokines to G3PDH were determined. Bacterial ureA and cagA status was determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS: IL-10 mRNA expression in both the antral and corpus mucosa was greater (p < 0.01) in cagA positive infection than in H pylori negative patients with histologically normal mucosa. No increase in IL-10 mRNA expression was observed in cagA negative infection. Both in the antral and corpus mucosa, IL-12 mRNA expression was greater (p < 0.05) in cagA positive than in cagA negative infection and uninfected patients with normal gastric mucosa. In cagA positive infection, there was a correlation between IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA expression in both the antral mucosa (r = 0.515, p < 0.01) and the corpus mucosa (r = 0.6, p < 0.005). IL-12 mRNA expression in the antral mucosa was significantly more frequent in H pylori positive patients with duodenal ulcer than in those with gastric ulcer or nonulcer dyspepsia. No difference was observed in IL-10 mRNA expression in relation to endoscopic diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: CagA positive H pylori infection is associated with increased IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA expression. The increased expression of IL-12 mRNA in the majority of patients with duodenal ulcer suggests that Th1 responses may predominate and play a role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration.

Pathologic changes in the glandular stomach and duodenum in an H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbil model.

We have established a Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbil model following Hirayama's method to investigate gastric diseases associated with H. pylori infection. We orally administered the culture broth of H. pylori ATCC 43504 to 8-week-old male Mongolian gerbils. After this, the gerbils were fed in a vinyl isolator. Subsequently, over the course of 48 weeks some of them were sacrificed for histopathologic examination and H. pylori culture. H. pylori colonization in the glandular stomach was seen in all the infected gerbils but only a few H. pylori were detected histologically. Acute inflammation, immature epithelium, and erosion were observed 2 weeks after H. pylori infection. Chronic inflammation was noted from 4 weeks after H. pylori infection. In addition, we found intestinal metaplasia and gastric ulcers from 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. There was mild to moderate inflammation in the duodenum but no ulcerative lesions or gastric metaplasia were observed. Some histologic findings were similar to those in humans, but inflammation occurred mainly in the deep mucosa and submucosa. This is a good animal model for H. pylori-associated gastric diseases but not for duodenal ulcers or gastric metaplasia. It might be useful for investigating the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in the stomach.

Influence of age and medium on formation of epithelial cords in the rat fetal ovary in vitro.

Fetal ovaries of 14.5-day-old rats were cultured for periods of up to 19 days in control medium or in medium conditioned by the preliminary culture of testes from fetal or young rats. In all ovaries, after 12 days of culture in either medium, epithelial cords were noted having an aspect identical to that of seminiferous cords present in fetal testes explanted at 14.5 days and also cultured for 12 days, i.e. the epithelial cords appeared in ovaries when there was no 'male' or testicular influence. The appearance of histological preparations suggested that the disappearance of the germ cells might bring about a reorganization of the follicular cells in epithelial cords during the differentiation period of the first follicles. With ovaries cultured in conditioned medium, degeneration of the germ cells was more marked, follicles were rare and intra-ovarian cords were greater in number than in ovaries cultured in control medium. The ovaries thus transformed produced the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) although they lacked the "germinostatic activity" normally developed by testes of fetal or young rats. This germinostatic activity prevents the multiplication of oogonia when the testes and ovaries are co-cultured in vitro. The transformed ovaries therefore do not have all the functional capacities of fetal testes.

[Limitation on the number of germ cells in the fetal ovary of the rat by older ovaries, in vitro]. / Limitation du nombre des cellules germinales dans l'ovaire foetal de rat par des ovaires plus âgés, in vitro.

Ovaries from 9-day-old rats co-cultured for 4 days in vitro with ovaries from 13.5-day-old fetal rats prevent the proliferation of the oogonia in the fetal ovaries (germinostatic effect) and produce the anti-Müllerian substance. The hypothesis that the germinostatic and anti-Müllerian activities are not due to the same factor is discussed.

[Isolation by binding to ultrafiltration membranes of a testicular factor limiting the number of germ cells in fetal ovary of rats in vitro]. / Isolement par liaison à des membranes d'ultrafiltration, d'un facteur testiculaire limitant le nombre de cellules germinales dans l'ovaire foetal de rat in vitro.

The medium used for culturing in vitro fetal or neonatal testes, when used subsequently to culture for 4 days ovaries from 13.5 day old rat fetuses, has the property of severely limiting the number of ovarian germ cells. The non-dialysable factor(s) responsible for the observed effect binds to ultrafiltration membranes (Diaflo, Amicon) and can be eluted from these membranes with fresh medium added 1 M NaCl.