Availability and characteristics of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in family health centers and hospitals from Chile: Descriptive, retrospective and multicentric study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine availability and characteristics of pulmonary rehabilitation programs performed in 2019 in family health centers and hospitals from Chile. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive and retrospective study was designed, considering PR programs operated in 2019. A non-probability and convenience sample was obtained. Availability and characteristics of centers and PR were measured using a questionnaire translated, modified, validated, and sent by email. RESULTS: Out of 80 responses (22.8%), 60% of centers offered PR program, where the lack of time was the greatest barrier. The programs were mainly outpatient, non-personalized, with 10(IQR 4-11) participants, 12 (IQR 12-16) weeks of length, with 2.4 ± 0.6 session/week, and 1 (IQR 1-2) hours/session. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) was the most frequent diagnostic. The programs were mainly comprised of strength training exercises of lower extremity, upper extremity, walking and education. Team was constituted of physiotherapist and physician, with completed training, and directed by a physiotherapist. Modified Borg, MRC dyspnea scale, six-minute walking test and oximetry were used in the assessments. Between 40-80% of patients completed PR, and the major barrier was patient relocated. CONCLUSION: Increasing PR availability, homogenization of exercises and education, prioritization of assessments supported by scientific evidence, and inclusion of follow-up could be useful to improve the access, quality and results of the treatment, considering new models of PR that allow greater access and acceptability.

Impact of pulmonary rehabilitation pre- and post-lung transplantation in a child with cystic fibrosis: a case report / Impacto da reabilitação pulmonar pré e pós-transplante de pulmão em paciente pediátrico com fibrose cística: relato de caso / Impacto de la rehabilitación pulmonar en el pretrasplante y en el postrasplante pulmonar en paciente pediátrico con fibrosis quística: un reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that reduces quality of life. Lung transplantation (LTx) is a strategy for end-stage lung disease treatment in CF. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in LTx is effective, however, only one study has determined its effectiveness in children, and most studies have not included CF exclusively. Thus, reports showing components for PR protocols and outcomes not considered in previous studies of PR in LTx due to CF in children are still needed. To report this case, written informed assent and consent of patient and parent were obtained. Ethical Requirement was formally waived by the institution. A 12-year-old patient with CF was referred to PR due to LTx. A general and respiratory training was conducted daily for six months (pre) and two years (post) the transplantation, with the parents' full support. General training included treadmill and cycle ergometer use and upper limbs exercises. Respiratory protocol included inspiratory training and respiratory physical therapy. We observed improvements in pulmonary function, exercise capacity, inspiratory muscle strength, and quality of life, including school functioning, with progress maintenance after 2.5 years of continuous intervention. This case presents a PR protocol pre- and post-LTx with good long-term results. These components for treatment protocols and outcomes may be useful to consider in clinical interventions or future investigations.

RESUMO Fibrose cística (FC) é uma doença genética que reduz a qualidade de vida. O transplante pulmonar (LTx) é uma estratégia para o tratamento de doenças pulmonares em fase terminal na FC. A reabilitação pulmonar (PR) no LTx é eficaz, porém apenas um estudo determinou sua eficácia em crianças, e outros estudos não incluíram a FC exclusivamente. Portanto, relatórios que mostram componentes para protocolos e resultados de RP, não considerados em estudos anteriores de RP em LTx devido à FC em crianças, ainda são necessários. Assim, descreve-se o caso de um paciente de 12 anos com FC encaminhado para RP devido à LTx. Foi obtido o consentimento informado e por escrito do paciente e dos pais. O requisito ético foi formalmente renunciado pela instituição. Um treinamento geral e respiratório foi realizado por seis meses antes e dois anos após a LTx, diariamente, com total apoio dos pais. O treinamento geral incluiu esteira, cicloergômetro e exercícios para os membros superiores. O protocolo respiratório incorporou treinamento inspiratório e fisioterapia respiratória. Foram observadas melhorias na função pulmonar, capacidade de exercício, força muscular inspiratória e qualidade de vida, incluindo o funcionamento escolar, com manutenção dos avanços após 2,5 anos de intervenção contínua. O caso apresenta um protocolo de RP pré e pós-LTx com bons resultados a longo prazo. Os componentes para protocolos de tratamento e resultados encontrados podem ser úteis para intervenções clínicas ou investigações futuras.

RESUMEN La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad genética que reduce la calidad de vida de los afectados. El trasplante de pulmón (LTx) es una estrategia para el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares en fase terminal en FQ. La rehabilitación pulmonar (RP) en el LTx es eficaz, aunque solo un estudio evaluó su eficacia en niños, y otros estudios no han tratado exclusivamente de FQ. Por lo tanto, se necesitan informes que contengan elementos de los protocolos y de los resultados de RP y que no habían sido considerados en los estudios anteriores sobre RP en LTx por FQ pediátrica. Así se describe el caso del paciente de 12 años de edad con FQ que fue remitido a RP debido a LTx. Para ello, se obtuvieron el consentimiento informado y el consentimiento por escrito del paciente y sus padres. La institución renunció formalmente a los requisitos éticos. Se realizó entrenamiento general y respiratorio durante seis meses antes de LTx y dos años después de LTx, diariamente, con apoyo de los padres. El entrenamiento general incluyó cinta de correr, cicloergómetro y ejercicios para extremidades superiores. El protocolo respiratorio incluía entrenamiento inspiratorio y fisioterapia respiratoria. Se observaron mejorías en la función pulmonar, capacidad de ejercicio, fuerza muscular inspiratoria y calidad de vida del participante, incluida en la limitación de actividades, con mantenimiento de los logros tras 2,5 años de la intervención continua. El caso del estudio presentó un protocolo de RP pre- y post-LTx con buenos resultados a largo plazo. Estos elementos de los protocolos de tratamiento y los resultados encontrados pueden ser útiles en las intervenciones clínicas o en futuras investigaciones.

Oral ENT-01 Targets Enteric Neurons to Treat Constipation in Parkinson Disease : A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with α-synuclein (αS) aggregation within enteric neurons. ENT-01 inhibits the formation of αS aggregates and improved constipation in an open-label study in patients with PD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral ENT-01 for constipation and neurologic symptoms in patients with PD and constipation. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2b study. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03781791). SETTING: Outpatient. PATIENTS: 150 patients with PD and constipation. INTERVENTION: ENT-01 or placebo daily for up to 25 days. After baseline assessment of constipation severity, daily dosing was escalated to the prokinetic dose, the maximum dose (250 mg), or the tolerability limit, followed by a washout period. MEASUREMENTS: The primary efficacy end point was the number of complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBMs) per week. Neurologic end points included dementia (assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) and psychosis (assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms adapted for PD [SAPS-PD]). RESULTS: The weekly CSBM rate increased from 0.7 to 3.2 in the ENT-01 group versus 0.7 to 1.2 in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Improvement in secondary end points included SBMs (P = 0.002), stool consistency (P < 0.001), ease of passage (P = 0.006), and laxative use (P = 0.041). In patients with dementia, MMSE scores improved by 3.4 points 6 weeks after treatment in the ENT-01 group (n = 14) versus 2.0 points in the placebo group (n = 14). Among patients with psychosis, SAPS-PD scores improved from 6.5 to 1.7 six weeks after treatment in the ENT-01 group (n = 5) and from 6.3 to 4.4 in the placebo group (n = 6). ENT-01 was well tolerated, with no deaths or drug-related serious adverse events. Adverse events were predominantly gastrointestinal, including nausea (34.4% [ENT-01] vs. 5.3% [placebo]; P < 0.001) and diarrhea (19.4% [ENT-01] vs. 5.3% [placebo]; P = 0.016). LIMITATION: Longer treatment periods need to be investigated in future studies. CONCLUSION: ENT-01 was safe and significantly improved constipation. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Enterin, Inc.

Barreras en acceso a control preventivo en padres migrantes de infantes en Santiago, Chile, 2018

Objetivo Identificar barreras en el acceso a control preventivo de la Atención Primaria en padres migrantes de lactantes y preescolares en Santiago, Chile, en el año 2018. Métodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, en una muestra no probabilística de 108 padres migrantes de lactantes y preescolares entre 0-4 años, 11 meses, 29 días, que asisten a jardines infantiles de la comuna de Santiago, en quienes se autoaplicó un cuestionario en español y creole, diseñado y validado en contenido y traducción de forma piloto, previa autorización de Comité de Ética, entre julio y octubre de 2018. Se midieron variables de caracterización sociodemográfica, asistencia a control preventivo y barreras. Resultados Un 7,8% de padres manifestó que su hijo no asistía a control, y 48,5% de los padres indicó que tenía dificultades para asistir. Las barreras para asistir a control fueron en un 63% horario y tiempos de espera, en un 39,8% desconocimiento del funcionamiento del sistema y en un 11,1% transporte. Conclusiones Son necesarias estrategias para mejorar el acceso a salud con una mirada desde los determinantes sociales de la salud.

Objective To identify barriers to preventive healthcare access in migrant parents of Infants and young children in Santiago, Chile, 2018. Methods An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, in a non-probability sample from 108 migrant parents of 0-4 years old children, attending at pre-primary schools in Santiago was designed. A self-administered questionnaire was used to determine variables, which was designed and validated through pilot tested after approval by an Ethics Committee. Sociodemographic characterization, preventive healthcare attendance, and barriers were measured. Results 7.8% of parents said their child was not attendant to healthcare and 48.5% of parents had difficulties to attend. The barriers were appointment and waiting time (63%), unknowledge (39.8%), and transport (11.1%). Conclusions The design of strategies to improve access to preventive healthcare in children considering determinants of health is needed.

Conceptual validation of an innovative remote pulmonary rehabilitation solution for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the world. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) reduces COPD hospitalisations, although its use is low. Telerehabilitation is effective; however, in Chile the development of remote PR technology is incipient. Therefore, the aim of the study was to validate conceptual aspects of an innovative remote PR solution for COPD. METHODS: This mixed study used a nonprobabilistic sample of PR professionals and people with COPD (PwCOPD) from Santiago. The perception of a conceptual solution for PR through a semi-structured interview was determined. Professionals were also asked about willingness to use technology using a questionnaire designed and validated in 75 professionals in this study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and data were collected after informed consent. RESULTS: Twenty-two participants were recruited, of which 14 were professionals and eight were PwCOPD. Among professionals and patients, the willingness to use the solution is positive because it would reduce visits and improve self-management, although it should include a remote/in-person combination, training, and user-friendly interface. Most of the professionals were willing to use technology for pulmonary rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The development of telehealth technologies should consider the expectations of patients and professionals and may incorporate elements of persuasive technologies in the design. The results could contribute to the development of digital solutions for remote PR in PwCOPD.

Fisiología respiratoria: fisiología de los músculos de la respiración / Physiology of the respiratory muscles

La respiración es un proceso continuo donde los músculos respiratorios tienen un rol central e imprescindible para la vida. Su óptimo funcionamiento involucra diversas estructuras que deben funcionar de forma armónica y coordinada, para que el gasto energético asociado a sus demandas permita aumentos considerables de carga sin afectar mayormente la función esencial de intercambio gaseoso. Comprender la fisiología muscular, desde la base anatómica hasta su comportamiento en el ejercicio y la enfermedad, es fundamental para detectar con anticipación las diversas disfunciones que se producen cuando este equilibrio se descompensa. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar las bases fisiológicas del comportamiento de la musculatura respiratoria que permitan comprender y aplicar las mejores estrategias de evaluación y tratamiento, cuando la función normal se ve alterada, ya sea por enfermedad, desuso o altas cargas asociadas al ejercicio físico.

Breathing is a continuous process where the respiratory muscles have a central and essential role for life. Its optimal operation involves various structures that must work in a harmonious and coordinated way, so that the energy expenditure associated with their demands allows considerable increases in load without significantly affecting the essential function of gas exchange. Understanding muscle physiology, from the anatomical basis to its behavior in exercise and disease, is essential to anticipate the various dysfunctions that can occur when this balance is decompensated. The objective of this review is to provide physiological bases for the behavior of the respiratory muscles that allow understanding and applying the best evaluation and treatment strategies, when its correct functioning is altered, either due to illness, disuse or high loads associated with physical exercise.

Combined Effect of Diosgenin Along with Ezetimibe or Atorvastatin on the Fate of Labelled Bile Acid and Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.

We analyzed the effect of diosgenin, administered with atorvastatin or ezetimibe, on the fate of ³H(G)-taurocholic acid or 26-14C-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats. Male Wistar rats received a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), HD + atorvastatin (HD+ATV), HD + ezetimibe (HD+EZT), HD + diosgenin (HD+DG), HD+ATV+EZT, or HD+ATV+DG for 40 days. We also included a control normal group (ND). The labelled compounds were administered on day 30. The animals were placed in metabolic cages for daily feces collection. At day 40 the rats were sacrificed. Lipid extracts from blood, liver, spinal cord, testicles, kidneys, epididymis, intestine, and feces were analyzed for radioactivity. Cholesterol activity was the highest in the liver in HD rats. DG diminished one half of this activity in HD+DG and HD+ATV+DG groups in comparison with the HD group. HD+ATV rats showed four to almost ten-fold cholesterol activity in the spinal cord compared with the ND or HD rats. Fecal elimination of neutral steroids was approximately two-fold higher in the HD+DG and HD+ATV+DG groups. Taurocholic acid activity was four to ten-fold higher in HD+DG intestine as compared to the other experimental groups. Taurocholic activity in the liver of HD and HD+DG groups was two and a half higher than in ND. Our results show that the combination of DG and ATV induced the highest cholesterol reduction in the liver and other tissues.

Esclerosis tuberosa sangrante: caso clínico en un paciente testigo de Jehová / Tuberous sclerosis: report of a Jehovah's witness patient

We report a 26 years old male with a tuberous sclerosis with multiple and bilateral kidney cysts and angiomyolipomas. The patient presented to the emergency room with a severe abdominal pain and anemia, secondary to a bleeding angiomyolipoma. The patient rejected blood transfusions due to his religious beliefs. A selective angiography was performed confirming diagnosis and the lesion artery was selectively embolized, stopping the bleeding immediately. The patient had a satisfactory evolution thereafter. This is a rare lesion and the fact that the patient was a Jehovah witness that rejected blood transfusions, required an innovative medical approach

Utilidad de la fracción libre del antígeno prostático específico en la detección del cáncer de la próstata / Usefulness of free prostatic specific antigen in the detection of prostate cancer

Background: The predictive value of prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer, when levels are between 4 and 10 ng/ml, is low. Within these range of values, some authors recommend the measurement of the free fraction of the antigen to improve its predictive capacity. Aim: To evaluate the predictive value of the free fraction in subjects with prostate specific antigen values between 4 and 10 ng/ml. Patients and methods: One hundred and forty subjects with prostate specific antigen between 4 and 10 ng/ml were evaluated. All were subjected to transrectal ultrasound examination with biopsies and the free fraction of the antigen was measured by enzyme immuno assay. Results: Cancer was diagnosed in 36 subjects, all others had a benign prostatic hyperplasia. Mean prostate specific antigen values were 7.4 and 7.1 ng/ml in patients with cancerand hyperplasia, respectively. The percentage of free prostatic specific antigen was 9.8 and 19.8 percent in subjects with cancer and hyperplasia respectively (p <0.001). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, a free prostate specific antigen of 13 percent was the best cutoff value for predicting prostate cancer. Conclusions: In subjects with prostate specific values between 4 and 10 ng/ml, the measurement of the free fraction of this antigen can improve the predictive value of this parameter for the detection of prostate cancer

Estudio de la función esfinteriana en la evaluación de la incontinencia urinaria femenina / Study of sphincterian function in the evaluation of urinary incontinence

Objetivos: para evaluar la función esfinteriana estudiamos la historia clínica y la urodinamia en 284 pacientes portadores de incontinencia urinaria. Pacientes y métodos: durante dos años evaluamos nuestras pacientes mediante anamnesis, examen físico y estudio urodinámico completo, el cual incluyó la medición del punto de escape frente a la maniobra de Valsalva. Resultados: encontramos un predominio de incontinencias urinarias de estrés y un importante número de pacientes portadoras de insuficiencia esfinterina. En este último grupo encontramos una significativa relación con una historia de cirugías previas y con un escape urinario severo (p < 0,001). Además encontramos en estas enfermas que las presiones uretrales máximas están disminuidas (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: observamos un predominio de incontinencia urinaria de estrés y un significativo número de mujeres con insuficiencia esfinteriana. Las pacientes con escape urinario severo y cirugías previas tienden a tener presiones uretrales máximas disminuídas lo cual se correlacionan con uretras insuficientes

Láser de neodimio YAG en el tratamiento del adenoma de próstata / Neodymiun YAG laser in the treatment of prostatic adenoma

Conventional surgery and transurethral ablation are the treatments of choice for benign hyperplasia. To report our experience with Neodymium YAG laser ablation of prostatic adenomas. Revision of 182 patients subjected to Laser ablation of benign prostatic adenoma of whom 28 had a complete urinary retention and 50 were considered of high surgical risk. One hundred eighty patients had spontaneous voiding after surgery, there were no intraoperatory complications and were discharged 6 to 24 hours after the procedure. Urinary flow increased from 8 ml/sec in the preoperative period to 20 and 21 ml/sec, two and six months after surgery. Symptom score decreased from 12 to 1.2 points. Seven patients had late hematuria and two required vesical lavage and cytoscopic clot drainage. Ten patients had a positive urine culture, 12 had lack of ejaculation and 75 percent had some degree of dysuria. Neodymium Yag laser ablation of benign prostatic adenoma seems to be efficient and safe

Litotripsia extracorpórea en litiasis renal: evaluación de resultados en 499 pacientes / Extracorporeal lithotripsy in renal lithiasis: assessment of the results in 499 patients

La litiasis urinaria constituye una patología de alta prevalencia. Los avances más importantes han ocurrido en su tratamiento quirúrgico. Presentamos nuestra experiencia con la aplicación de la tecnología de ondas de choque en 499 pacientes quienes han completado un tiempo mínimo de seguimiento de 3 meses. Su margen de edad fue de 1 a 83 años. En estos pacientes se trataron 619 cálculos de los cuales 72,9 porciento se encontraba en el riñón. Para el tratamiento utilizamos la máquina Sonolith 300 que tiene un sistema de localización con ultrasonido y una generación de la onda de choque de tipo electrohidráulico. En el control alejado 389 pacientes (77,95 porciento) se encontraban libres de cálculos y 41 pacientes (8,25 porciento) con fragmentos de menos de 3 mm. El porcentaje de retratamiento fue de 11,8 porciento. La litotripsia extracorpórea es el tratamiento de elección de la litiasis renal en la mayoría de los pacientes con indicación quirúrgica

El método psicoanalítico de J. Lacan y la neurosis crónica / The psychoanalytic method of J. Lacan and chronic neurosis

En relación a la necesidad de incrementar la oferta de psicoterapia en el nivel secundario del Servicio Público de Salud, se pone en práctica un plan de atención para pacientes neuróticos consultadores crónicos del Instituto Psiquiátrico. El método de trabajo terapéutico se basa en el psicoanálisis con la orientación de J. Lacan, de cuyo fundamento teórico clínico se hace una breve reseña. A continuación se muestra un estudio preliminar basado en la evolución de 14 pacientes tratados en un lapso aproximado entre 1 a 6 meses. Se concluye que el método propuesto puede aparecer como una alternativa válida para el contexto de las necesidades del Servicio Público

Orquidopexia laparoscópica en el testículo intraabdominal del niño / Laparoscopic orchidopexy in intraabdominal testis in child

La laparoscopía es el método diagnóstico de elección para la localización del testículo no palpable del niño. Hemos empleado este procedimiento en 21 niños con una correlación de 100 por ciento con los hallazgos de la exploración quirúrgica. En 2 niños encontramos 4 testículos intraabdominales, realizando en ambos un clipaje laparoscópico de los vasos espermáticos. Entre 4 y 7 meses después se efectuó nueva exploración laparoscópica con sección de los vasos espermáticos y realizando una orquidopexia bilateral asistida por laparoscopía. En el niño con testículo no palpable, la laparoscopía constituye un método tanto diagnóstico como terapéutico

Nefrectomía laparoscópica: experiencia clínica en 20 pacientes / Laparoscopic nephrectomy: clinical experience in 20 patients

La cirugía laparoscópica se está aplicando en una serie de patologías previamente sólo reservadas para la cirugía tradicional. Esta serie resume nuestra experiencia en 20 pacientes en los cuales realizamos una nefrectomía laparoscópica. Su margen de edad fue de 2 a 65 años, incluyendo 9 niños menores de 14 años. Efectuamos 16 nefrectomías simples, 2 nefrectomías parciales y 2 nefrectomías radicales por cáncer. El promedio de duración del procedimiento fue de 2,4 horas y la hospitalización de 2,5 días. Fue necesario convertir a cirugía abierta un caso por dificultad en la disección del pedículo renal y reoperamos una paciente por sangrado postoperatorio. No hubo mortalidad. La nefrectomía laparoscópica constituye un procedimiento quirúrgico alternativo efectivo