Development of a non-destructive depth-selective quantification method for sub-percent carbon contents in steel using negative muon lifetime analysis.

The amount of C in steel, which is critical in determining its properties, is strongly influenced by steel production technology. We propose a novel method of quantifying the bulk C content in steel non-destructively using muons. This revolutionary method may be used not only in the quality control of steel in production, but also in analyzing precious steel archaeological artifacts. A negatively charged muon forms an atomic system owing to its negative charge, and is finally absorbed into the nucleus or decays to an electron. The lifetimes of muons differ significantly, depending on whether they are trapped by Fe or C atoms, and identifying the elemental content at the muon stoppage position is possible via muon lifetime measurements. The relationship between the muon capture probabilities of C/Fe and the elemental content of C exhibits a good linearity, and the C content in the steel may be quantitatively determined via muon lifetime measurements. Furthermore, by controlling the incident energies of the muons, they may be stopped in each layer of a stacked sample consisting of three types of steel plates with thicknesses of 0.5 mm, and we successfully determined the C contents in the range 0.20-1.03 wt% depth-selectively, without sample destruction.

Direct measurement of the evolution of magnetism and superconductivity toward the quantum critical point.

Nontrivial quantum states can be realized in the vicinity of the quantum critical point (QCP) in many strongly correlated electron systems. In particular, an emergence of unconventional superconductivity around the QCP strongly suggests that the quantum critical fluctuations play a central role in the superconducting pairing mechanism. However, a clear signature of the direct coupling between the superconducting pairing states and the quantum criticality has not yet been elucidated by the microscopic probes. Herein, we present muon spin rotation/relaxation and neutron diffraction measurements in the superconducting dome of CeCo(In1 - xZnx)5. It was found that a magnetically ordered state develops at x≥ 0.03, coexisting with the superconductivity. The magnitude of the ordered magnetic moment is continuously reduced with decreasing x, and it disappears below x∼ 0.03, indicating a second-order phase transition and the presence of the QCP at this critical Zn concentration. Furthermore, the magnetic penetration depth diverges toward the QCP. These facts provide evidence for the intimate coupling between quantum criticality and Cooper pairing.

Nuclear Magnetic Field in Solids Detected with Negative-Muon Spin Rotation and Relaxation.

Using an intense negative muon (µ^{-}) source, we have studied the internal magnetic fields in a powder sample of magnesium hydride (MgH_{2}). By extracting the signal from the µ^{-} captured on Mg nuclei, we found that the negative muon spin rotation and relaxation (µ^{-}SR) spectra clearly showed a Kubo-Toyabe-type relaxation, which indicates a random magnetic field at the Mg site. The field distribution width obtained is very consistent with the predicted value at the Mg site estimated by dipole field calculations, supporting our claim to have observed the nuclear magnetic fields of hydrogens in MgH_{2}. As is the case with µ^{+}SR, µ^{-}SR promises to soon be an indispensable tool for materials analyses.

Volume-wise destruction of the antiferromagnetic Mott insulating state through quantum tuning.

RENiO3 (RE=rare-earth element) and V2O3 are archetypal Mott insulator systems. When tuned by chemical substitution (RENiO3) or pressure (V2O3), they exhibit a quantum phase transition (QPT) between an antiferromagnetic Mott insulating state and a paramagnetic metallic state. Because novel physics often appears near a Mott QPT, the details of this transition, such as whether it is first or second order, are important. Here, we demonstrate through muon spin relaxation/rotation (µSR) experiments that the QPT in RENiO3 and V2O3 is first order: the magnetically ordered volume fraction decreases to zero at the QPT, resulting in a broad region of intrinsic phase separation, while the ordered magnetic moment retains its full value until it is suddenly destroyed at the QPT. These findings bring to light a surprising universality of the pressure-driven Mott transition, revealing the importance of phase separation and calling for further investigation into the nature of quantum fluctuations underlying the transition.

Nondestructive elemental depth-profiling analysis by muonic X-ray measurement.

Elemental analysis of materials is fundamentally important to science and technology. Many elemental analysis methods have been developed, but three-dimensional nondestructive elemental analysis of bulk materials has remained elusive. Recently, our project team, dreamX (damageless and regioselective elemental analysis with muonic X-rays), developed a nondestructive depth-profiling elemental analysis method after a decade of research. This new method utilizes a new type of probe; a negative muon particle and high-energy muonic X-rays emitted after the muon stops in a material. We performed elemental depth profiling on an old Japanese gold coin (Tempo-Koban) using a low-momentum negative muon beam and successfully determined that the Au concentration in the coin gradually decreased with depth over a micrometer length scale. We believe that this method will be a promising tool for the elemental analysis of valuable samples, such as archeological artifacts.

New insights in muon-catalyzed dd fusion by using ortho-para controlled solid deuterium.

For the first time, we observed the dependence of the ddmu formation rate and the dmu hyperfine-transition rate on the ortho-para state in muon-catalyzed fusion in the solid D2 state, and found that the effect is even opposite to a recent theoretical prediction. We also determined the back-decay rate and the hyperfine-transition rate via scattering in solid state by using the ortho-para dependence. A theory to describe properly our experimental result is called for to understand the nature of muon-catalyzed fusion in the solid state.