Prognostic Implications of Coronary Artery Sclerosis in Troponin-Positive Patients with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary sclerosis is a risk factor for the progression to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). However, understanding its impact on the outcomes of patients with myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary arteries is limited. This study aimed to explore the prognostic influence of coronary sclerosis on in- and out-of-hospital events in troponin-positive patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries. METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort analysis based on prospectively collected data. A total of 24,775 patients who underwent coronary angiography from 2010 to 2021 in a German university hospital were screened, resulting in a final study cohort of 373 troponin-positive patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries and a follow-up period of 6.2 ± 3.1 years. Coronary sclerosis was defined as coronary plaques without angiographically detectable stenotic lesions of 50% or more in the large epicardial coronary arteries. The primary study endpoint was the occurrence of in-hospital events. Secondary endpoints included events during follow-up. RESULTS: Patients with coronary sclerosis were significantly older (70 ± 12 vs. 58 ± 16 years, p < 0.001), had ST-segment elevation less frequently on electrocardiogram (9.4% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.013), and suffered more often from diabetes mellitus (23.3% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.009), arterial hypertension (79.6% vs. 59.8%, p < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17.1% vs. 9.4%, p = 0.028), chronic kidney disease (22.2% vs. 8.4%, p < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (19.8% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.045), and valvular diseases than patients without CAD. Patients with coronary sclerosis were more likely to receive medication for primary/secondary prevention on admission and at discharge. The incidence of in- and out-of-hospital events was significantly higher in patients with coronary sclerosis (in-hospital: 42.8% vs. 29.9%, p = 0.010; out-of-hospital: 46.0% vs. 26.1%, p < 0.001). Mortality rates tended to be higher in the coronary sclerosis group (29.4% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.066). CONCLUSION: Patients diagnosed with coronary sclerosis presented a higher incidence of comorbidities and increased medication use, and experienced higher rates of both in-hospital and out-of-hospital events, primarily due to the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors.

Diagnostic Accuracy of MMP-8 and IL-6-Based Point-of-Care Testing to Detect Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis: A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis (PDRP) is the most common complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), which can lead to poor outcomes if not diagnosed and treated early. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of MMP-8 and IL-6-based point-of-care tests (POCTs) in diagnosing PDRP in PD patients. METHODS: This retrospective chart review study was conducted at a comprehensive kidney center in Qatar. It involved all adult PD patients who underwent PDRP from July 2018 to October 2019 and for whom MMP-8 and IL-6-based POCTs were used to diagnose presumptive peritonitis. Measures of diagnostic accuracy were computed. Peritoneal fluid effluent analysis was the reference standard. RESULTS: We included 120 patients (68 [56.7%] females, ages 55.6 ± 15.6 years, treatment duration 39.5 ± 30.4 months [range: 5-142 months]). In this population, MMP-8 and IL-6-based POCTs yielded 100% in all dimensions of diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values). CONCLUSIONS: MMP-8 and IL-6-based POCTs might be helpful in the early detection of PDRP. This monocentric observation requires further confirmation in a prospective multicentric setting.

Correlation of Molecular Status with Preoperative Olfactory Function in Olfactory Groove Meningioma.

PURPOSE: The study aims to examine the possible correlation between genomic alterations and preoperative olfactory function in patients with olfactory groove meningioma (OGM), due to the frequent presence of olfactory impairment. METHODS: We utilised next-generation sequencing to analyse samples from 22 individuals with OGM in order to detect driver mutations. Tumour morphology was assessed using preoperative imaging, whereas olfactory function was examined using Sniffin' Sticks. RESULTS: In a study of 22 OGM patients, mutations were as follows: 10 with SMO/SUFU, 7 with AKT1, and 5 as wild type. Planum sphenoidale hyperostosis (PSH) was present in 75% of patients, showing significant variation by mutation (p = 0.048). Tumour volumes, averaging 25 cm3, significantly differed among groups. PSH negatively impacted olfaction, notably affecting odour threshold, discrimination, identification, and global olfactory performance score (TDI) (p values ranging from <0.001 to 0.003). Perifocal oedema was associated with lower TDI (p = 0.009) and altered threshold scores (p = 0.038). Age over 65 and female gender were linked to lower thresholds and discrimination scores (p = 0.037 and p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: The study highlights PSH and perifocal oedema's significant effect on olfactory function in OGM patients but finds no link between olfactory impairment and tumour mutations, possibly due to the small sample size. This suggests that age and gender affect olfactory impairment. Additional research with a larger group of participants is needed to explore the impact of OGM driver mutations on olfactory performance.

Diagnostic, clinical management, and outcomes in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula.

Background: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are rare spinal vascular malformations, but account for 70 to 80% of all spinal arteriovenous malformations. SDAVFs can be treated either surgically or endovascularly, with surgical treatment appearing to lead to higher closure rates. Our aim was to analyze the demographic data, diagnostic history, treatment characteristics and clinical short- and long-term outcomes. Methods: The medical records of 81 patients who underwent surgical (n = 70, 86.4%) and endovascular (n = 11, 13.6%) treatment for SDAVF at a university hospital between 2002 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: SDAVF was observed more frequently in men than women (61, 75.3% vs. 20, 24.7%) with a mean age of 63.5 ± 12.7 years and a mean duration of symptoms to diagnosis of 12.0 ± 12.8 months. The most common first symptom was gait disturbance (36, 44.4%), followed by sensory disturbance (24, 29.6%). The location of the fistula point was most common in the lower thoracic region (36, 44.5%), followed by the lumbar region (23, 28.4%). Incomplete or failed occlusion of the fistula occurred in 8 patients (9.9%), with 6 patients (7.4%) undergoing further treatment either surgically or endovascularly. Treatment- or hospital-related complications were observed in 16 patients (19.8%). A single-level laminectomy was the most common approach (31, 44.3%), followed by single-level hemilaminectomy (28, 40.0%), and unilateral interlaminar fenestration (11, 15.7%). Back pain or radiculopathy was observed in 58% of patients (47/81) pre-treatment and had already decreased to 24.7% at hospital discharge (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in sensory disturbances (p = 0.681). The median of American Spinal Injury Association motor score (ASIA-MS) was 94 [82.5-100] at admission, 98 [86.5-100] at hospital discharge, 100 [90-100] at the first, second, and third follow-up (p = 0.019). The median modified Aminoff-Logue scale (mALS) was 5 [2-7] at admission, 3 [1-6] at hospital discharge, 2 [1-5] at the first follow-up, 2 [0.5-5] at the second follow-up and 2 [1-7] at the third follow-up (p = 0.006). Conclusions: SDAVF occurs predominantly in men in the 6th decade of life and can be safely and effectively treated surgically and endovascularly, improving symptoms such as pain and motor deficits, gait disturbances as well as bowel and bladder dysfunction, but not sensory disturbances.

The Impact of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Predicting Neurological Status Pre- and Post-Treatment of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A 22-Year Experience in a Neurovascular and Spine Center.

BACKGROUND: Successful treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) requires prompt diagnosis with definitive fistula localization and non-delayed treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for the screening and follow-up of SDAVF, although the value of MRI signs such as myelopathy and flow voids is controversial. Therefore, we investigated the predictive value of MRI signs pre- and post-treatment and their correlation with the neurological status of SDAVF patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 81 patients who underwent surgical or endovascular treatment for SDAVF at our hospital between 2002 and 2023. A total of 41 SDAVF patients with follow-up MRI of 4.6 [2.9-6.5] months (median [interquartile range]) post-treatment and clinical follow-up of 3, 6, and 12 months were included. RESULTS: The extent of pretreatment myelopathy was seven [6-8] vertebral levels, with follow-up MRI showing no myelopathy in 70.7% of cases. The pretreatment flow voids extended over seven [4.5-10] vertebral levels and completely disappeared on follow-up MRI in 100% of cases. The modified Aminoff-Logue scale of disability (mALS) was four [2-7] pretreatment and two [0-4.5] at the third follow-up, with improvement in 65.9% of patients. The American Spinal Injury Association motor score (ASIA-MS) was 97 [88-100] pretreatment and 100 [95-100] at the third follow-up assessment, with 78% of patients improving. Pretreatment ASIA-MS correlated with the extent of myelopathy at admission (R2: 0.179; 95% CI: -0.185, -0.033; p = 0.006) but not with flow voids at admission, while pretreatment mALS showed no correlation with either MRI signs. The improvement in ASIA-MS and mALS between admission and the last follow-up showed no correlation with the extent of pretreatment myelopathy and flow voids or with pos-treatment MRI changes. The diagnostic sensitivity of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for localization of the fistula was 68.3% (28/41). CONCLUSIONS: The severity of the clinical condition in SDAVF patients has a multifactorial cause, whereby the ASIA-MS correlates with the extent of myelopathy pretreatment. MRI changes after treatment showed no correlation with the clinical outcome and cannot be used as a prognostic factor.

The impact of diabetes mellitus on the outcome of troponin-positive patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major cardiovascular risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, but knowledge about the impact of diabetes mellitus on the outcome of patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus on in- and out-of-hospital adverse events in troponin-positive patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Methods and Results: A total of 373 troponin-positive patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries between 2010 and 2021 at Bergmannsheil University Hospital Bochum were enrolled, including 65 diabetics and 307 nondiabetics. The median follow-up was 6.2 years. The primary study end point was a composite of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary endpoints covered MACE during follow-up.Mean age of the study cohort was 62.9 years and 49.3 % were male. Although the overall rate of in-hospital MACE was higher in diabetics (41.5 %) than in non-diabetics (33.9 %), this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.240). The in-hospital mortality rate was low in both groups, 0 % of diabetes group versus 2.9 % of non-diabetic patients. During follow-up, diabetic patients had a significantly higher rate of MACE (51.9 % vs. 31.1 %, p = 0.004) and a significantly higher all-cause mortality rate than non-diabetic patients (42.3 % vs. 20.1 %, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study reveals that the impact of diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular outcomes in troponin-positive patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries intensifies over the long term, leading to increased rates of both cardiovascular adverse events and overall mortality.

Genetic characterization and mutational profiling of foramen magnum meningiomas: a multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVE: Foramen magnum (FM) meningiomas pose significant surgical challenges and have high morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of clinically actionable mutations in FM meningiomas and identify clinical characteristics associated with specific mutational profiles. METHODS: The authors conducted targeted next-generation sequencing of 62 FM meningiomas from three international institutions, covering all relevant meningioma genes (AKT1, KLF4, NF2, POLR2A, PIK3CA, SMO, TERT promoter, and TRAF7). Patients with a radiation-induced meningioma or neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) were excluded from the study. Additionally, patient and tumor characteristics, including age, sex, radiological features, and tumor location, were retrospectively collected and evaluated. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 46 female and 16 male patients. Clinically significant driver mutations were detected in 58 patients (93.5%). The most commonly observed alteration was TRAF7 mutations (26, 41.9%), followed by AKT1E17K mutations (19, 30.6%). Both mutations were significantly associated with an anterolateral tumor location relative to the brainstem (p = 0.0078). NF2 mutations were present in 11 cases (17.7%) and were associated with posterior tumor location, in contrast to tumors with TRAF7 and AKT1E17K mutations. Other common mutations in FM meningiomas included POLR2A mutations (8, 12.9%; 6 POLR2AQ403K and 2 POLR2AH439_L440del), KLF4K409Q mutations (7, 11.3%), and PIK3CA mutations (4, 6.5%; 2 PIK3CAH1047R and 2 PIK3CAE545K). POLR2A and KLF4 mutations exclusively occurred in female patients and showed no significant association with specific tumor locations. All tumors harboring AKT1E17K and POLR2A mutations displayed meningothelial histology. Ten tumors exhibited intratumoral calcification, which was significantly more frequent in NF2-mutant compared with AKT1-mutant FM meningiomas (p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide important insights into the molecular genetics and clinicopathological characteristics of FM meningiomas. The identification of specific genetic alterations associated with tumor location, volume, calcification, histology, and sex at diagnosis may have implications for personalized treatment strategies in the future.

The importance of the bacterial spectrum in the clinical diagnostics and management of patients with spontaneous pyogenic spondylodiscitis and isolated spinal epidural empyema: a 20-year cohort study at a single spine center.

BACKGROUND: Personalized clinical management of spondylodiscitis (SD) and isolated spinal epidural empyema (ISEE) is challenging due to limited evidence of microbiologic findings and their clinical impact during the clinical course of the disease. We aimed to characterize clinico-microbiological and imaging phenotypes of SD and ISEE to provide useful insights that could improve outcomes and potentially modify guidelines. METHODS: We performed chart review and collected data on the following parameters: bacterial antibiogram-resistogram, type of primary spinal infection, location of spinal infection, source of infection, method of detection, clinical complications (sepsis, septic embolism, and endocarditis), length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, relapse rate, and disease-related mortality in patients with proven pyogenic SD and ISEE treated surgically in a university hospital in Germany between 2002 and 2022. RESULTS: We included data from 187 patients (125 SD, 66.8% and 62 ISEE, 33.2%). Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) were overall more frequently detected than gram-negative bacteria (GNB) (GPB: 162, 86.6% vs. GNB: 25, 13.4%, p < 0.001). Infective endocarditis was caused only by GPB (GPB: 23, 16.5% vs. GNB: 0, 0.0%, p = 0.046). Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated strain (MSSA: n = 100, 53.5%), occurred more frequently in the cervical spine compared to other bacteria (OB) (MSSA: 41, 41.0% vs. OB: 18, 20.7%, p = 0.004) and was most frequently detected in patients with skin infection as the primary source of infection (MSSA: 26, 40.6% vs. OB: 11, 16.7%, p = 0.002). Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (SE: n = 31, 16.6%) were more often regarded as the cause of endocarditis (SE: 8, 27.6% vs. OB: 15, 11.4%, p = 0.037) and were less frequently detected in intraoperative specimens (SE: 19, 61.3% vs. OB: 138, 88.5%, p < 0.001). Enterobacterales (E: n = 20, 10.7%) were identified more frequently in urinary tract infections (E: 9, 50.0% vs. OB: 4, 3.6%, p < 0.001). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS: n = 20, 10.7%) were characterized by a lower prevalence of sepsis (CoNS: 4, 20.0% vs. OB: 90, 53.9%, p = 0.004) and were more frequently detected in intraoperative specimens (CoNS: 20, 100. 0% vs. OB: 137, 82.0%, p = 0.048). Moreover, CoNS-associated cases showed a shorter length of ICU stay (CoNS: 2 [1-18] days vs. OB: 6 [1-53] days, median [interquartile range], p = 0.037), and occurred more frequently due to foreign body-associated infections (CoNS: 8, 61.5% vs. OB: 15, 12.8%, p = 0.008). The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prolonged hospital stay by 56 [24-58] days and ICU stay by 16 [1-44] days, whereas patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa spent only 20 [18-29] days in the hospital and no day in the ICU 0 [0-5] days. CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective cohort study identified distinct bacterial-specific manifestations in pyogenic SD and ISEE regarding clinical course, neuroanatomic targets, method of pathogen detection, and sources of infection. The clinico-microbiological patterns varied depending on the specific pathogens.

Diagnostics, Management, and Outcomes in Patients with Pyogenic Spinal Intra- or Epidural Abscess.

BACKGROUND: Owing to the lack of evidence on the diagnostics, clinical course, treatment, and outcomes of patients with extremely rare spinal intradural abscess (SIA) and spinal epidural abscess (SEA), we retrospectively analyzed and compared a cohort of patients to determine the phenotyping of both entities. METHODS: Over a period of 20 years, we retrospectively analyzed the electronic medical records of 78 patients with SIA and SEA. RESULTS: The patients with SIA showed worse motor scores (MS scores) on admission (SIA: 20 ± 26 vs. SEA: 75 ± 34, p < 0.001), more often with an ataxic gait (SIA: 100% vs. SEA: 31.8%, p < 0.001), and more frequent bladder or bowel dysfunction (SIA: 91.7% vs. SEA: 27.3%, p < 0.001) compared to the SEA patients. Intraoperative specimens showed a higher diagnostic sensitivity in the SEA patients than the SIA patients (SIA: 66.7% vs. SEA: 95.2%, p = 0.024), but various pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (SIA 33.3% vs. SEA: 69.4%) and Streptococci and Enterococci (SIA 33.3% vs. SEA: 8.1%, p = 0.038) were detected in both entities. The patients with SIA developed sepsis more often (SIA: 75.0% vs. SEA: 18.2%, p < 0.001), septic embolism (SIA: 33.3% vs. SEA: 8.3%, p = 0.043), signs of meningism (SIA: 100% vs. 18.5%, p < 0.001), ventriculitis or cerebral abscesses (SIA: 41.7% vs. SEA: 3.0%, p < 0.001), and pneumonia (SIA: 58.3% vs. SEA: 13.6%, p = 0.002). The mean MS score improved in both patient groups after surgery (SIA: 20 to 35 vs. SEA: 75 to 90); however, the SIA patients showed a poorer MS score at discharge (SIA: 35 ± 44 vs. SEA: 90 ± 20, p < 0.001). C-reactive protein (CrP) (SIA: 159 to 49 vs. SEA: 189 to 27) and leukocyte count (SIA: 15 to 9 vs. SEA: 14 to 7) were reduced at discharge. The SIA patients had higher rates of disease-related mortality (SIA: 33.3% vs. SEA: 1.5%, p = 0.002), had more pleural empyema (SIA: 58.3% vs. SEA: 13.6%, p = 0.002), required more than one surgery (SIA: 33.3% vs. SEA 13.6%, p = 0.009), were treated longer with intravenous antibiotics (7 ± 4 w vs. 3 ± 2 w, p < 0.001) and antibiotics overall (12 ± 10 w vs. 7 ± 3 w, p = 0.022), and spent more time in the hospital (SIA: 58 ± 36 vs. SEA: 26 ± 20, p < 0.001) and in the intensive care unit (SIA: 14 ± 18 vs. SEA: 4 ± 8, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlighted distinct clinical phenotypes and outcomes between both entities, with SIA patients displaying a markedly less favorable disease course in terms of complications and outcomes.

The Efficacy of Daily Local Antibiotic Lavage via an Epidural Suction-Irrigation Drainage Technique in Spondylodiscitis and Isolated Spinal Epidural Empyema: A 20-Year Experience of a Single Spine Center.

BACKGROUND: Various treatment modalities are available for local antibiotic therapy in spondylodiscitis (SD) and isolated spinal epidural empyema (ISEE), but there is no evidence-based recommendation. Postoperative epidural suction-irrigation drainage (ESID) is thought to reduce bacterial load, which may prevent the development of relapse, wound healing, hematogenous spread, and systemic complications. We evaluated the efficacy of postoperative ESID over 20 years on disease progression and outcome in SD and ISEE. METHODS: Detailed demographic, clinical, imaging, laboratory, and microbiological characteristics were examined in our cohorts of 208 SD and ISEE patients treated with and without ESID at a university spine center in Germany between 2002 and 2022. Between-group comparisons were performed to identify meaningful differences for the procedure. RESULTS: We included data from 208 patients (142 SD, 68.3% vs. 66 ISEE, 31.7%) of whom 146 were ESID patients (87 SD, 59.6% vs. 59 ISEE, 40.4%) and 62 were NON-ESID patients (55 SD, 88.7% vs. 7 ISEE, 11.3%). ESID patients with SD showed more frequent SSI (ESID: 22, 25.3% vs. NON-ESID: 3, 5.5%, p = 0.003), reoperations due to empyema persistence or instability (ESID: 37, 42.5% vs. NON-ESID: 12, 21.8%, p = 0.012), and a higher relapse rate (ESID: 21, 37.5% vs. NON-ESID: 6, 16.7%, p = 0.037) than NON-ESID patients with SD. The success rate in NON-ESID patients with SD was higher than in ESID patients with SD (ESID: 26, 29.9% vs. NON-ESID: 36, 65.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that ESID therapy (p < 0.001; OR: 0.201; 95% CI: 0.089-0.451) was a significant independent risk factor for treatment failure in patients with SD. CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective cohort study with more than 20 years of experience in ESID technique shows a negative effect in patients with SD in terms of surgical site infections and relapse rate.

Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture, Intraoperative Specimen, and Computed Tomography-Guided Biopsy in Patients with Spondylodiscitis and Isolated Spinal Epidural Empyema Requiring Surgical Treatment.

BACKGROUND: the successful treatment of spondylodiscitis (SD) and isolated spinal epidural empyema (ISEE) depends on early detection of causative pathogens, which is commonly performed either via blood cultures, intraoperative specimens, and/or image-guided biopsies. We evaluated the diagnostic sensitivity of these three procedures and assessed how it is influenced by antibiotics. METHODS: we retrospectively analyzed data from patients with SD and ISEE treated surgically at a neurosurgery university center in Germany between 2002 and 2021. RESULTS: we included 208 patients (68 [23-90] years, 34.6% females, 68% SD). Pathogens were identified in 192 cases (92.3%), including 187 (97.4%) pyogenic and five (2.6%) non-pyogenic infections, with Gram-positive bacteria accounting for 86.6% (162 cases) and Gram-negative for 13.4% (25 cases) of the pyogenic infections. The diagnostic sensitivity was highest for intraoperative specimens at 77.9% (162/208, p = 0.012) and lowest for blood cultures at 57.2% (119/208) and computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsies at 55.7% (39/70). Blood cultures displayed the highest sensitivity in SD patients (SD: 91/142, 64.1% vs. ISEE: 28/66, 42.4%, p = 0.004), while intraoperative specimens were the most sensitive procedure in ISEE (SD: 102/142, 71.8% vs. ISEE: 59/66, 89.4%, p = 0.007). The diagnostic sensitivity was lower in SD patients with ongoing empiric antibiotic therapy (EAT) than in patients treated postoperatively with targeted antibiotic therapy (TAT) (EAT: 77/89, 86.5% vs. TAT: 53/53, 100%, p = 0.004), whereas no effect was observed in patients with ISEE (EAT: 47/51, 92.2% vs. TAT: 15/15, 100%, p = 0.567). CONCLUSIONS: in our cohort, intraoperative specimens displayed the highest diagnostic sensitivity especially for ISEE, whereas blood cultures appear to be the most sensitive for SD. The sensitivity of these tests seems modifiable by preoperative EAT in patients with SD, but not in those with ISEE, underscoring the distinct differences between both pathologies.

Clinical phenotyping of spondylodiscitis and isolated spinal epidural empyema: a 20-year experience and cohort study.

Background: The incidence of spondylodiscitis (SD) and isolated spinal epidural empyema (ISEE) has been increasing in the last decades, but the distinct differences between both entities are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the clinical phenotypes and long-term outcomes of SD and ISEE in depth. Methods: We performed a chart review and analyzed data from our cohorts of consecutive SD and ISEE patients who were treated and assessed in detail for demographic, clinical, imaging, laboratory, and microbiologic characteristics at a university neurosurgical center in Germany from 2002 to 2021. Between-group comparisons were performed to identify meaningful differences in both entities. Results: We included 208 patients (72 females: age 75 [75 32-90] y vs. 136 males: 65 [23-87] y, median [interquartile range], p < 0.001), of which 142 (68.3%) had SD and 66 (31.7%) had ISEE. Patients with SD were older than ISEE (ISEE: 62 y vs. SD: 70 y, p = 0.001). While SD was more common in males than females (males: n = 101, 71.1% vs. females: n = 41, 28.9%, p < 0.001), there was no sex-related difference in ISEE (males: n = 35, 53.0% vs. females: n = 31, 47.0%, p = 0.71). Obesity was more frequent in ISEE than in SD (ISEE: n = 29, 43.9% vs. SD: n = 37, 26.1%, p = 0.016). However, there were no between-group differences in rates of diabetes and immunodeficiency. In the entire study population, a causative pathogen was identified in 192 (92.3%) patients, with methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus being most frequent (n = 100, 52.1%) and being more frequent in ISEE than SD (ISEE: n = 43, 65.2% vs. SD: n = 57, 40.1%, p = 0.003). SD and ISEE occurred most frequently in the lumbar spine, with no between-group differences (ISEE: n = 25, 37.9% vs. SD: n = 65, 45.8%, p = 0.297). Primary infectious sources were identified in 145 patients (69.7%) and among this skin infection was most common in both entities (ISEE: n = 14, 31.8% vs. SD: n = 25, 24.8%, p = 0.418). Furthermore, epidural administration was more frequent the primary cause of infection in ISEE than SD (ISEE: n = 12, 27.3% vs. SD: n = 5, 4.9%, p < 0.001). The most common surgical procedure in SD was instrumentation (n = 87, 61%) and in ISEE abscess evacuation (n = 63, 95%). Patients with ISEE displayed lower in-hospital complication rates compared to SD for sepsis (ISEE: n = 12, 18.2% vs. SD: n = 94, 66.2%, p < 0.001), septic embolism (ISEE: n = 4/48 cases, 8.3% vs. SD: n = 52/117 cases, 44.4%, p < 0.001), endocarditis (ISEE: n = 1/52 cases, 1.9% vs. SD: n = 23/125 cases, 18.4%, p = 0.003), relapse rate (ISEE: n = 4/46, 8.7% vs. SD: n = 27/92, 29.3%, p = 0.004), and disease-related mortality (ISEE: n = 1, 1.5% vs. SD: n = 11, 7.7%, p = 0.108). Patients with SD showed prolonged length of hospital stay (ISEE: 22 [15, 30] d vs. SD: 38 [29, 53] d, p < 0.001) and extended intensive care unit stay (ISEE: 0 [0, 4] d vs. SD: 3 [0, 12] d, p < 0.002). Conclusions: Our 20-year experience and cohort analysis on the clinical management of SD and ISEE unveiled distinct clinical phenotypes and outcomes in both entities, with ISEE displaying a more favorable disease course with respect to complications and relapse rates as well as disease-related mortality.

Age differences of patients treated with wearable cardioverter defibrillator: Data from a multicentre registry.

BACKGROUND: Wearable cardioverter defibrillators (WCD) are used as a 'bridging' technology in patients, who are temporarily at high risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Several factors should be taken into consideration, for example patient selection, compliance and optimal drug treatment, when WCD is prescribed. We aimed to present real-world data from seven centres from Germany and Switzerland according to age differences regarding the outcome, prognosis, WCD data and compliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 04/2012 and 03/2021, 1105 patients were included in this registry. Outcome data according to age differences (old ≥45 years compared to young <45 years) were analysed. At young age, WCDs were more often prescribed due to congenital heart disease and myocarditis. On the other hand, ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) was more present in older patients. Wear days of WCD were similar between both groups (p = .115). In addition, during the WCD use, documented arrhythmic life-threatening events were comparable [sustained ventricular tachycardia: 5.8% vs. 7.7%, ventricular fibrillation (VF) .5% vs. .6%] and consequently the rate of appropriate shocks was similar between both groups. Left ventricular ejection fraction improvement was documented over follow-up with a better improvement in younger patients as compared to older patients (77% vs. 63%, p = .002). In addition, at baseline, the rate of atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in the older age group (23% vs. 8%; p = .001). The rate of permanent cardiac implantable electronic device implantation (CiED) was lower in the younger group (25% vs. 36%, p = .05). The compliance rate defined as wearing WCD at least 20 h per day was significantly lower in young patients compared to old patients (68.9% vs. 80.9%, p < .001). During the follow-up, no significant difference regarding all-cause mortality or arrhythmic death was documented in both groups. A low compliance rate of wearing WCD is predicted by young patients and patients suffering from non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. CONCLUSION: Although the compliance rate in different age groups is high, the average wear hours tended to be lower in young patients compared to older patients. The clinical events were similar in younger patients compared to older patients.

The impact of concomitant infective endocarditis in patients with spondylodiscitis and isolated spinal epidural empyema and the diagnostic accuracy of the modified duke criteria.

Background: The co-occurrence of infective endocarditis (IE) and primary spinal infections (PSI) like spondylodiscitis (SD) and isolated spinal epidural empyema (ISEE) has been reported in up to 30% of cases and represents a life-threatening infection that requires multidisciplinary management to be successful. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the clinical phenotypes of PSI patients with concomitant IE and furthermore to assess the accuracy of the modified Duke criteria in this specific population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in consecutive SD and ISEE patients treated surgically at our University Spine Center between 2002 and 2022 who have undergone detailed phenotyping comprising demographic, clinical, imaging, laboratory, and microbiologic assessment. Comparisons were performed between PSI patients with IE (PSICIE) and without IE (PSIWIE) to identify essential differences. Results: Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was the most common causative pathogen in PSICIE group (13 patients, 54.2%) and aortic valve IE was the most common type of IE (12 patients, 50%), followed by mitral valve IE (5 patients, 20.8%). Hepatic cirrhosis (p < 0.011; OR: 4.383; 95% CI: 1.405-13.671), septic embolism (p < 0.005; OR: 4.387; 95% CI: 1.555-12.380), and infection with Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (p < 0.003; OR: 13.830; 95% CI: 2.454-77.929) were identified as significant independent risk factors for the co-occurrence of IE and PSI in our cohort. The modified Duke criteria demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 66.7% for the detection of IE in PSI patients. Pathogens were detected more frequently via blood cultures in the PSICIE group than in the PSIWIE group (PSICIE: 23, 95.8% vs. PSIWIE: 88, 62.4%, p < 0.001). Hepatic cirrhosis (PSICIE: 10, 41.7% vs. PSIWIE: 33, 21.6%, p = 0.042), pleural abscess (PSICIE: 9, 37.5% vs. PSIWIE: 25, 16.3%, p = 0.024), sepsis (PSICIE: 20, 83.3% vs. PSIWIE: 67, 43.8%, p < 0.001), septic embolism (PSICIE: 16/23, 69.6% vs. PSIWIE: 37/134, 27. 6%, p < 0.001) and meningism (PSICIE: 8/23, 34.8% vs. PSIWIE: 21/152, 13.8%, p = 0.030) occurred more frequently in PSICIE than in PSIWIE patients. PSICIE patients received longer intravenous antibiotic therapy (PSICIE: 6 [4-7] w vs. PSIWIE: 4 [2.5-6] w, p < 0.001) and prolonged total antibiotic therapy overall (PSICIE: 11 [7.75-12] w vs. PSIWIE: 8 [6-12] w, p = 0.014). PSICIE patients spent more time in the hospital than PSIWIE (PSICIE: 43.5 [33.5-53.5] days vs. PSIWIE: 31 [22-44] days, p = 0.003). Conclusions: We report distinct clinical, radiological, and microbiological phenotypes in PSICIE and PSIWIE patients and further demonstrate the diagnostic accuracy of the modified Duke criteria in patients with PSI and concomitant IE. In the high-risk population of PSI patients, the modified Duke criteria might benefit from amending pleural abscess, meningism, and sepsis as minor criteria and hepatic cirrhosis as major criterion.

Assessment of cutaneous axon-reflex responses to evaluate functional integrity of autonomic small nerve fibers.

Cutaneous autonomic small nerve fibers encompass unmyelinated C-fibers and thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers, which innervate dermal vessels (vasomotor fibers), sweat glands (sudomotor fibers), and hair follicles (pilomotor fibers). Analysis of their integrity can capture early pathology in autonomic neuropathies such as diabetic autonomic neuropathy or peripheral nerve inflammation due to infectious and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, intraneural deposition of alpha-synuclein in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease can lead to small fiber damage. Research indicated that detection and quantitative analysis of small fiber pathology might facilitate early diagnosis and initiation of treatment. While autonomic neuropathies show substantial etiopathogenetic heterogeneity, they have in common impaired functional integrity of small nerve fibers. This impairment can be evaluated by quantitative analysis of axonal responses to iontophoretic application of adrenergic or cholinergic agonists to the skin. The axon-reflex can be elicited in cholinergic sudomotor fibers to induce sweating and in cholinergic vasomotor fibers to induce vasodilation. Currently, only few techniques are available to quantify axon-reflex responses, the majority of which is limited by technical demands or lack of validated analysis protocols. Function of vasomotor small fibers can be analyzed using laser Doppler flowmetry, laser Doppler imaging, and laser speckle contrast imaging. Sudomotor function can be assessed using quantitative sudomotor axon-reflex test, silicone imprints, and quantitative direct and indirect testing of sudomotor function. More recent advancements include analysis of piloerection (goose bumps) following stimulation of adrenergic small fibers using pilomotor axon-reflex test. We provide a review of the current literature on axon-reflex tests in cutaneous autonomic small fibers.

Architecture of the Cutaneous Autonomic Nervous System.

The human skin is a highly specialized organ for receiving sensory information but also to preserve the body's homeostasis. These functions are mediated by cutaneous small nerve fibers which display a complex anatomical architecture and are commonly classified into cutaneous A-beta, A-delta and C-fibers based on their diameter, myelinization, and velocity of conduction of action potentials. Knowledge on structure and function of these nerve fibers is relevant as they are selectively targeted by various autonomic neuropathies such as diabetic neuropathy or Parkinson's disease. Functional integrity of autonomic skin nerve fibers can be assessed by quantitative analysis of cutaneous responses to local pharmacological induction of axon reflex responses which result in dilation of cutaneous vessels, sweating, or piloerection depending on the agent used to stimulate this neurogenic response. Sensory fibers can be assessed using quantitative sensory test. Complementing these functional assessments, immunohistochemical staining of superficial skin biopsies allow analysis of structural integrity of cutaneous nerve fibers, a technique which has gained attention due to its capacity of detecting pathogenic depositions of alpha-synuclein in patients with Parkinson's disease. Here, we reviewed the current literature on the anatomy and functional pathways of the cutaneous autonomic nervous system as well as diagnostic techniques to assess its functional and structural integrity.

Autonomic Dysfunction in Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a major obstetric complication that leads to severe maternal and fetal morbidity. Early detection of preeclampsia can reduce the severity of complications and improve clinical outcomes. It is believed that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involved in the pathogenesis of PE. We aimed to review the current literature on the prevalence and nature of ANS dysfunction in women with PE and the possible prognostic value of ANS testing in the early detection of PE. Methods: Literature search was performed using Medline (1966-2018), EMBase (1947-2018), Google Scholar (1970-2018), BIOSIS (1926-2018), Web of science (1900-2018); CINAHL (1937-2018); Cochrane Library, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Cochrane Methodology Register (1999-2018). Additionally, the reference lists of articles included were screened. Results: A total of 26 studies were included in the present review presenting data of 1,854 pregnant women. Among these women, 453 were diagnosed with PE, 93.6% (424/453) of which displayed autonomic dysfunction. ANS function was assessed by cardiovascular reflex tests (n = 9), heart rate variability (n = 11), cardiac baroreflex gain (n = 5), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) (n = 3), and biomarkers of sympathetic activity (n = 4). Overall, 21 studies (80.8%) reported at least one of the following abnormalities in ANS function in women diagnosed with PE compared to healthy pregnant control women: reduced parasympathetic activity (n = 16/21, 76%), increased sympathetic activity (n = 12/20, 60%), or reduced baroreflex gain (n = 4/5, 80%). Some of these studies indicated that pressor and orthostatic stress test may be useful in early pregnancy to help estimate the risk of developing PE. However, autonomic function tests seem not to be able to differentiate between mild and severe PE. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that autonomic dysfunction is highly prevalent in pre-eclamptic women. Among autonomic functions, cardiovascular reflexes appear to be predominantly affected, seen as reduced cardiac parasympathetic activity and elevated cardiac sympathetic activity. The diagnostic value of autonomic testing in the prediction and monitoring of autonomic failure in pre-eclamptic women remains to be determined.