An interpersonal model of psychotherapy: linking patient and therapist developmental history, therapeutic process, and types of outcome.

This study empirically evaluated a 3-stage causal model based on interpersonal theory that relates patient and therapist early parental relations, the therapeutic alliance, and outcome. Data were from the Vanderbilt II database and encompassed 64 psychodynamic psychotherapies. Interpersonal variables were assessed using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. Initial support for the model was found, suggesting a direct effect of patient early parental relations on process and outcome, a direct effect of therapist early parental relations on process, and a direct effect of process on outcome--and thus indirect effects of both patient and therapist early parental relations on outcome mediated by the process. The psychotherapy process was assessed from 3 perspectives: patient and therapist self-report and reports by independent observers. Little convergence was found between the 3 perspectives.

Single-case methodology in psychotherapy process and outcome research.

The primary focus of this article is on delineating and explaining the essential characteristics of single-case research methodology applied within the domain of psychotherapy research. Single-case research is presented as a subclass of intrasubject research in which aggregation across Ss is avoided and the generality of one's findings is addressed through replication on a case-by-case basis. The basic ways in which single-case designs vary are also discussed, and 3 basic types of single-case research are differentiated: (a) single-case experiments, (b) single-case quantitative analyses, and (c) case studies. Furthermore, some of the major weaknesses in current single-case psychotherapy research are identified.