Social Support, Religiosity, Wisdom and Well-Being Among Older Adults in Indonesia.

Purpose: As the population ages, it is critical to understand the elements that contribute to the well-being of older individuals. Prior research suggests that a better sense of mastery and purpose in life may explain at least some of the beneficial link between wisdom, religion, and subjective well-being. This current study seeks to identify a model of older persons' psychological well-being formation in a religious group. Whether psychosocial strengths such as religiosity, social support, and wisdom are directly related to psychological well-being. Self-acceptance, autonomy, positive interpersonal relationships, environmental mastery, personal growth, and a sense of life purpose are all components of psychological well-being. Participants and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 261 participants, 42 men and 219 women aged 60 and up with normal cognitive, hearing, and/or speech functions. Participants lived in The boarding house in South Tapanuli-North Sumatra, Indonesia, for over 6 months. A backward translated Likert scales is used for data collection. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM). Results: The results indicate that social support and religiosity have an effect on psychological well-being through wisdom as a mediator. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the relevance of internal strengths for psychological well-being and give credence to the mediated path model's applicability to older adult communities in Indonesia.

Adaptation and Validation of Indonesian Version of the Commitment to Change Scale.

Purpose: The study aims to adapt and validate the Indonesian version of the commitment to change scale that was initially developed by Herscovitch and Meyer. Methods: Data were collected using an online application among faculty members of several universities who have experienced policy changes from the Indonesian government regarding research-related issues. A total of 204 responses were obtained. The data was validated using the Content Validity Index (CVI), the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the Convergent and Discriminant correlations as well as the Cronbach's alpha. Results: The results demonstrated that commitment to change could be represented by three dimensions of affective, continuance and normative commitment to change, although there is one item that must be adjusted. The results of the Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI) show that the commitment to change scale has excellent content validity (S-CVI/Ave = 0.97). CFA results show a good fit, Cronbach's alpha obtains good results with ACTC (α = 0.71); CCTC (α = 0.83); NCTC (α = 0.77) and Construct Reliability (CR) values obtained are also quite good with ACTC = 0.85; CCTC = 0.86; NCTC = 0.86. From the results of the convergent and discriminant validity tests, it was found that the affective commitment to change positively correlates with job satisfaction and negatively correlates with job stress. However, both continuance and normative commitment to change scale does not correlate with the two variables. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the commitment to change scale shows good psychometric properties and has proven valid to provide the measurement of commitment to change, especially for the faculty members in Indonesia.

The Development and Initial Validation of the Youth Sexual Intention Scale: Indonesian Version.

Interventions for the early sexual problem in adolescents require proper measurement of sexual intentions. The adolescent sexual intention scales have been widely used by researchers in the West. However, those scales are not very suitable for adolescents in eastern cultures such as Indonesia. As a religious society, Indonesian people have different sexual expectations from liberal western society. Religious teachings and societal norms shape sexual beliefs that reflect semi-restrictive sexual socialization. Thus, sexual intention measurement that represents the sexual beliefs of the subject under study becomes important. Therefore, this two-steps study aims to develop and validate the Youth Sexual Intention Scale (YSIS). In the first step, qualitative elaboration resulted in 27 themes of adolescent sexual beliefs, which turned into 31 items according to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). In the second step, we selected 396 students using the cluster random sampling technique. We investigated 2 methods of validity, content validity using CVI and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The content validity examination proved that all scale items had high validity (CVI = .93). Meanwhile, the CFA showed that the data was fit for the model (Chi-square 819,420, P <.001, RMSEA = .056, CFI = .978, TLI = .972). The CFA groups items into 4 dimensions, namely, sexual attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and sexual intentions. The reliability test shows an Alpha coefficient of .854. We conclude that 26-items YSIS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure belief-based youth sexual intentions (15-18 years) in religious culture.

Perception and use of social media by Indonesian adolescents and parents: A qualitative study.

Social media are popular among adolescents worldwide, including the global South. The way adolescents use social media is influenced by their own perception of social media but also by how their parents use and perceive social media. This study aims to understand how Indonesian young adolescents (12-15 years old) and parents of adolescents use and perceive social media. For this purpose, we conducted eight focus group discussions and eight semi-structured interviews with 30 Indonesian adolescents and 15 Indonesian parents. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data reveals that both adolescents and parents use social media for social, practical, and pleasure activities. Most adolescents mention that they consider themselves skilled in using social media, while parents consider themselves less skilled. Both adolescents and parents mention that social media offer benefits for adolescents, including emotional, social, and practical benefits. However, adolescents and parents also mention the risks of social media use for adolescents, including social, emotional, and informational risks, as well as the displacement of more meaningful activities. As such, both adolescents and parents do not perceive social media as inherently good or bad but rather as a novel medium that offers benefits for adolescents but also involves several risks to be considered by parents and other relevant stakeholders. This study adds to our understanding of social media use in the global South and offers a theoretical basis for future studies on the impact of adolescents' social media usage on wellbeing in an Indonesian context. However, future research is necessary to depict possible differences in social media use between Indonesia and other countries in the global South.

A Counseling Application as an Alternative Tool in Increasing Coping Self-Efficacy Among University Students With Academic Distress During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased education-related distress among University students globally, including in Indonesia. Psychological factors, such as academic demands, limited opportunity to meet their peers, problematic use of technology, and domestic problems, influenced the well-being of the students, leading to poor academic performance. A mobile-based counseling application was developed to address the distress among University students. The application was meant to reach students living remotely to enable them to access psychological assistance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe a protocol aimed to evaluate the equivalence of the application when compared to the Treatment-As-Usual (TAU) in increasing the coping self-efficacy (CSE) and resilience of students as well as in decreasing their level of depression. A two-armed parallel randomized control non-inferiority trial will be conducted among approximately 430 students with selected academic problems. The participants will be randomly allocated into the TAU and the intervention groups. The primary and secondary outcomes will be measured by the Indonesian versions of the Coping Self-Efficacy (CSE) Scale, the Resilience Scale (RS-14), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The data will be collected at baseline, at the end of each session, and after 3 months. The outcomes will be analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVAs, intention-to-treat, and per-protocol analysis. If proven, the application will be used as an alternative media in helping the students. Clinical Trial Registration: Thailand Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20200530001); Date of registration: May 28, 2020.

HIV-related knowledge and attitudes among Indonesian prison officers.

PURPOSE: Prison officers have a vital role in running a secure and healthy living environment for the inmates. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitude towards inmates living with HIV among the officers in an Indonesian narcotics prison. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A total of 93 officers from a narcotics prison in Bandung, Indonesia voluntarily participated in this cross-sectional study by completing a self-reported questionnaire. A Prior focus group discussion was also held among selected participants. FINDINGS: Statistical data analyses indicate that all domains of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, i.e. knowledge of HIV-transmission, general HIV/AIDS knowledge and knowledge of HIV-prevention, have substantial positive correlations with the prison officers' attitude towards inmates living with HIV. These results show that the more knowledgeable the officers are, the less likely they are to respond in an unfavourable manner to inmates living with HIV and vice versa. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Despite the limited participants involved in this study, the knowledge gaps that are identified in this study should be the starting point for the development of educational interventions for prison officers. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Sufficient educational programs and the latest materials need to be made available within the prison. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: Commitment from prison authorities as well as a proper policy are also needed. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study helped prison authorities to identify areas for knowledge development of the officers. Hopefully the positive attitude towards inmates living with HIV will be developed.

HIV prevention through drugs and sex education in junior high schools in Bandung West Java: the teachers' perspective.

AIM: to explore the teacher perspective on needs (in terms of knowledge, skills and curriculum content), attitudes, beliefs and self-efficacy related to teaching and implementation of a reproductive health (RH)/drug education (DE) program at their own junior high school. METHODS: one hundred and thirty-three teachers participated in a survey, from February to April 2009, measuring: socio demographic, behavioral intention, perceived behavior control, content knowledge, school climate, reproductive health knowledge and school drug education. RESULTS: all teachers had a high intention to teach RH and DE, especially the younger RH teachers had a high intention to teach about teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. DE teachers had a high intention facts/effects of drugs, first-time drug use dealing with peer pressure. Perceived beliefs of teachers, parents, school management and perceived self-efficacy were strong predictors for the intention of RH teaching and DE. CONCLUSION: the high intention of the RH and DE teacher offers a great opportunity to build and implement a DE and RH curriculum in junior high school. Before a curriculum is developed and implemented there is a need to assess and strengthen the teacher's skills and effectiveness in teaching RH and DE.

Characteristics of subjects counseled and tested for HIV in an Indonesian hospital; factors associated with HIV-status and CD4 cell-count.

AIM: to identification the predictors of HIV-seropositivity and level of immunosuppression. METHODS: in a cross-sectional study, we examined HIV-testing practice, HIV-knowledge, perceived risk of being HIV-positive, and health status among out-patients enrolled in voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), and in-patients who underwent provider-initiated testing (PITC) in the largest teaching hospital in West Java, Indonesia. RESULTS: among 202 respondents, 47% were HIV+, and the median CD4 of HIV+ was 193/mm³ among VCT (n=124) and 11/mm³ among PITC (n=78). HIV/AIDS related knowledge among those entering VCT was significantly higher than among those in PITC, but perceived risk of being HIV-infected was lower. Logistic regression analysis predicting HIV status revealed a significant main effect for oral thrush and chronic diarrhea and for Hepatitis C status (p<.01). For those who are HIV positive, weight loss was strongly predictive of a low CD4 cell count (p<.01). CONCLUSION: in this setting, the HIV-seroprevalence is high and many HIV-infected subjects are symptomatic. Increasing HIV knowledge may lead to earlier HIV-detection. Health care workers play an important role in referral for VCT and PITC, and several symptoms, alone or in combination, can help identify those who are at highest risk for HIV.

Prevention, control and treatment of HIV-AIDS among injecting drug use in Bandung, Indonesia.

Indonesia is facing a growing HIV-epidemic that in many areas is driven by injecting drug use (IDU). IDUs underutilize health services, partly because of legal aspects which also cause that many are held in prison, where further HIV- transmission may take place. Most HIV-infected patients present with advanced HIV-AIDS and many deaths before starting antiretroviral treatment. The growing HIV-epidemic in Indonesia has socio-economical implications for individual patients as well as for the health system and for society. IMPACT, a multidisciplinary university-based program in Bandung, West-Java, integrates HIV-prevention and treatment, combining research and implementation. Biomedical, public health and sociobehavioral expertise is used for educational programs for adolescents; scaling-up HIV-testing, harm reduction strategies and care for HIV/AIDS in hospital, community and prison; and institutional as well as individual capacity building related to IDU and HIV/AIDS. It is expected that these activities can make a significant contribution to control of HIV-AIDS in the context of injecting drug use in West-Java and Indonesia as a whole.

Behavioral aspects of HIV prevention and care in Indonesia: A plea for a multi-disciplinary, theory- and evidence-based approach.

Projections estimate 1,000,000 HIV infected by 2015 in Indonesia. Key behaviors to HIV prevention and care are determined by a complex set of individual/ environmental factors. This paper presents empirical data, local evidence and theoretical concepts to determine the role of social sciences in HIV prevention/care. Injecting Drug Use (IDU) is a social and very risky activity: 95% injected in the presence of peers and 49% reported needles sharing. 82% of IDUs do not use condoms consistently. Poor adherence to ARV treatment is related to a complex set of, mostly behavioral, factors beyond effective influence by standard professional skills of medical staff. Meta-analysis indicated that about 1/3 of the variance in behaviour can be explained by the combined effect of intention and perceived behavioral control, the two cornerstones of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). It is advisable to adapt TPB in the light of the Indonesian context. Current theories of behavior and behavior change give professionals of all disciplines, working in HIV prevention and care, effective tools to change behavior and to improve HIV prevention and access and quality of HIV care.