RESUMO
BACKGROUND: To define the onset, pattern, and earliest manifestations of malnutrition related to HIV infection. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of changes in weight and growth in a group of 54 children with perinatally acquired HIV infection was conducted. Eight children had asymptomatic HIV infection, 26 had symptomatic infection, and 20 had symptomatic infection and were referred for nutritional support. RESULTS: We found an early decline in the rate of linear growth with a relative preservation of the weight-for-age. Weight-for-height measurements were preserved until there was advanced HIV-related disease. CONCLUSIONS: This pattern can result in a false impression of adequate nutrition and emphasizes the importance of longitudinal growth data of the child with HIV infection. Evidence of linear growth failure before clinical wasting is apparent is an absolute indication for aggressive nutritional support.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Crescimento/etiologia , Síndrome de Emaciação por Infecção pelo HIV/complicações , Síndrome de Emaciação por Infecção pelo HIV/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasAssuntos
Abscesso Encefálico/diagnóstico , Doença de Crohn/complicações , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Nocardiose/diagnóstico , Nocardia asteroides/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Abscesso Encefálico/tratamento farmacológico , Abscesso Encefálico/microbiologia , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Crohn/microbiologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Mercaptopurina/efeitos adversos , Mercaptopurina/uso terapêutico , Nocardiose/tratamento farmacológico , Nocardiose/microbiologia , Prednisona/efeitos adversos , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Radiografia Abdominal , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XAssuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/biossíntese , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , VacinaçãoAssuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/imunologia , Fatores Etários , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Lactente , Contagem de Leucócitos , Estudos LongitudinaisRESUMO
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the M protein (M1) were used in the development of direct detection systems for type A influenza viruses in clinical specimens. Optimal detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was achieved when MAbs were used as capture antibodies and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were used as sandwich antibodies. Detection by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay required amplification of the virus. direct detection in clinical specimens (nasopharyngeal aspirates) was accomplished when MAbs recognizing two distinct antigenic sites of M1 were used in a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Type A influenza viruses could be detected equally well in specimens obtained during epidemics of both H3N2 and H1N1 influenza viruses.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Antígenos de Bactérias , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fluorimunoensaio , Humanos , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Influenza Humana/microbiologia , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
An acute hemiplegia secondary to a large cerebral infarct is described in a 16-month-old infant with congenitally-acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Serial imaging studies during the next year documented improvement in his hemiplegia and a static underlying human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of children with acute hemiplegia.
Assuntos
Complexo AIDS Demência/diagnóstico , Soropositividade para HIV/congênito , Hemiplegia/diagnóstico , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/diagnóstico , Seguimentos , Soropositividade para HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactente , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XAssuntos
Doenças em Gêmeos , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , HIV-1 , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Aciclovir/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro , Cetoconazol/uso terapêutico , Cooperação do Paciente , GravidezAssuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologia , Criança , Surtos de Doenças , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologiaRESUMO
Mycobacterium chelonei infection developed at the insertion site of an indwelling Broviac catheter in a child with erythroleukemia. Direct adherence to and colonization of the intra- and extra-luminal surfaces of the catheter, with extension to the adjacent subcutaneous tissue, by this rapidly growing mycobacterium may have been the primary factor underscoring the infection. Nontuberculous mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium chelonei grow readily on routine bacteriologic media and resemble Corynebacterium spp. (diphtheroids) in their Gram staining and microscopic characteristics. The persistence of the infectious process and a diphtheroid-like microorganism despite antimicrobial therapy should raise the suspicion for a mycobacterial species.
Assuntos
Cateteres de Demora/efeitos adversos , Infecções por Mycobacterium/etiologia , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Leucemia Eritroblástica Aguda/complicações , Masculino , Mycobacterium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologiaRESUMO
Autoclaved aqueous extracts of Candida albicans cells (and the glucans isolated from them) give a positive reaction with a chromogenic substrate combined with amebocyte lysates of the Japanese horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (CS-TAL). The extracts and glucans activate the lysate enzyme compound G, which in turn activates clotting enzyme. Activated clotting enzyme causes a positive CS-TAL reaction. C. albicans extracts and glucans react positively with a commercially available, unaltered CS-TAL preparation (Toxicolor), but they give a negative reaction with a CS-TAL from which compound G has been excluded (Endospecy). An autoclaved, sterile preparation of Sabouraud glucose broth used as a control in one experiment gave (like Candida extracts) a positive reaction with Toxicolor and a negative reaction with Endospecy. We found that the peptone powder used to make the Sabouraud glucose broth was contaminated with a strain of Bacillus subtilis. Autoclaved aqueous extracts of culture-grown B. subtilis cells were positive with Toxicolor and negative with Endospecy. This was also the case with two other strains of B. subtilis. Polysaccharides obtained from these extracts gave the same result. Endotoxin activates clotting enzyme through activation of the lysate enzyme compound C, which is present in both Toxicolor and Endospecy. Endotoxin, therefore, reacts with both CS-TAL preparations. Simultaneous assay with Toxicolor and Endospecy distinguishes endotoxin from fungal products, but since products of fungi and B. subtilis both give a positive Toxicolor and a negative Endospecy test, a simultaneous assay cannot differentiate them. However, this does not decrease the clinical value of the simultaneous Toxicolor-Endospecy assay for distinguishing fungal infection from endotoxemia because B. subtilis so rarely causes disease that it can be excluded from clinical consideration.
Assuntos
Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Candida albicans/metabolismo , Endotoxinas/análise , Teste do Limulus , Animais , Meios de Cultura , Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Glucanos/análise , Caranguejos FerraduraAssuntos
Rouquidão/etiologia , Tolerância Imunológica , Micoses/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Aspergilose/complicações , Candidíase/complicações , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/complicações , Lactente , Doenças da Laringe/complicações , Doenças da Laringe/etiologia , Leucemia/complicações , Masculino , Neoplasias/complicaçõesRESUMO
A commercially available endotoxin assay (CS-TAL) employing a chromogenic peptide and an amebocyte lysate from the Japanese horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, gave a positive result with aqueous extracts of all 15 strains of Candida albicans and 1 strain each of Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and a Mucor species that we tested. Purified glucans prepared from the Candida strains gave the same results. Reconstruction experiments showed that the positive results were not due to contaminating endotoxin. By contrast, assays employing amebocyte lysates of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, were inconsistent. Japanese workers have presented evidence that glucans activate the Tachypleus amebocyte lysate system by acting on an enzyme different from that on which endotoxin acts. Using a Tachypleus lysate preparation (Endospecy; Seikagaku Kogyo, Tokyo, Japan) from which this enzyme was excluded, we demonstrated a 5- to 10-fold drop in reactivity to the aqueous Candida extracts and glucans, whereas reactivity to endotoxin was unchanged. Normal human plasma was shown to decrease the effect of fungal extracts on CS-TAL. This inhibition was completely removed by heating the plasma. Our results suggest that Tachypleus systems may be of use clinically in distinguishing bacterial from fungal infections.
Assuntos
Candida/metabolismo , Cryptococcus neoformans/metabolismo , Cryptococcus/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/análise , Glucanos/análise , Mucor/metabolismo , Animais , Candida albicans/metabolismo , Endotoxinas/análise , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Glucanos/metabolismo , Caranguejos Ferradura , Humanos , Teste do LimulusRESUMO
Febrile episodes for which no cause can be found are common in immunocompromised children. We postulated that circulating endotoxin, a known pyrogen, might be responsible for some of these episodes in the absence of documented infection. Plasma endotoxin levels were assayed using a recently developed Limulus amebocyte lysate assay enhanced in sensitivity and objectivity by the addition of a chromogenic substrate. Eighty-seven plasma endotoxin determinations were made in 36 immunocompromised children with fever. Convalescent endotoxin levels and levels in normal children were also obtained. It was concluded that a plasma endotoxin level of 35 pg (0.10 EU)/ml constitutes the upper limit of normal in children. Five children (14%) had elevated endotoxin levels in the course of the febrile episodes, in the absence of bacteremia or clinically diagnosed infection. In each case, the levels returned to normal during convalescence. It is concluded that endotoxemia is a possible cause or contributing cause of unexplained fever in immunocompromised children.
Assuntos
Endotoxinas/sangue , Febre/sangue , Tolerância Imunológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Febre/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Teste do Limulus , Neoplasias/complicaçõesRESUMO
We investigated properties of the ts mutants that were selected during the course of persistent infection of Vero cells by parainfluenza virus type 3. The mutants demonstrated leakiness when infecting cells at high MOI and interfered with the growth of wild type virus, apparently by inhibiting a step prior to RNA synthesis.