18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the assessment of endo-bronchial involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Bronchial stenosis is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). The development of lower respiratory tract stenoses in patients with GPA is thought to be the result of persistent inflammation of the cartilaginous tissue. New assessment methods for this severe GPA complication are highly needed. Herein, we show the value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglycose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in the diagnosis, prediction of progression to bronchial stenosis and response to treatment of endobronchial involvement in a patient with GPA.

On development of functional brain connectivity in the young brain.

Our brain is a complex network of structurally and functionally interconnected regions, shaped to efficiently process and integrate information. The development from a brain equipped with basic functionalities to an efficient network facilitating complex behavior starts during gestation and continues into adulthood. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) enables the examination of developmental aspects of functional connectivity (FC) and functional brain networks. This review will discuss changes observed in the developing brain on the level of network FC from a gestational age of 20 weeks onwards. We discuss findings of resting-state fMRI studies showing that functional network development starts during gestation, creating a foundation for each of the resting-state networks (RSNs) to be established. Visual and sensorimotor areas are reported to develop first, with other networks, at different rates, increasing both in network connectivity and size over time. Reaching childhood, marked fine-tuning and specialization takes place in the regions necessary for higher-order cognitive functions.