RESUMO
Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) benefit from cardiology follow-up at recommended intervals of ≤ 2 years. However, benefit for children is less clear given limited studies and unclear current guidelines. We hypothesize there are identifiable risks for gaps in cardiology follow-up in children with CHD and that gaps in follow-up are associated with differences in healthcare utilization. Our cohort included children < 10 years old with CHD and a healthcare encounter from 2008 to 2013 at one of four North Carolina (NC) hospitals. We assessed associations between cardiology follow-up and demographics, lesion severity, healthcare access, and educational isolation (EI). We compared healthcare utilization based on follow-up. Overall, 60.4% of 6,969 children received cardiology follow-up within 2 years of initial encounter, including 53.1%, 58.1%, and 79.0% of those with valve, shunt, and severe lesions, respectively. Factors associated with gaps in care included increased drive time to a cardiology clinic (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.92/15-min increase), EI (HR 0.94/0.2-unit increase), lesion severity (HR 0.48 for shunt/valve vs severe), and older age (HR 0.95/month if < 1 year old and 0.94/year if > 1 year old; p < 0.05). Children with a care gap subsequently had more emergency department (ED) visits (Rate Ratio (RR) 1.59) and fewer inpatient encounters and procedures (RR 0.51, 0.35; p < 0.05). We found novel factors associated with gaps in care for cardiology follow-up in children with CHD and altered health care utilization with a gap. Our findings demonstrate a need to mitigate healthcare barriers and generate clear cardiology follow-up guidelines for children with CHD.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias Congênitas , Humanos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/terapia , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Fatores de Risco , Lactente , Criança , North Carolina/epidemiologia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Estudos Retrospectivos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Recém-Nascido , SeguimentosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of prenatal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease (CHD) to preoperative and postoperative patient findings. Retrospective analysis of neonates with critical CHD who underwent cardiothoracic surgery at one of four centers in North Carolina between 2008 and 2013. Surgical data collected by sites for submission to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (STS-CHSD) and the North Carolina CHD Lifespan Database were queried. There were 715 patients with STS records; 558 linked to the NC-CHD database. Patients with prenatal diagnosis had a lower incidence of preoperative risk factors, including need for mechanical ventilation and presence of shock. However, prenatally diagnosed patients had worse short-term outcomes, including higher operative mortality, higher incidence of select postoperative complications, and longer LOS. There was no difference in one-year mortality. Our findings are consistent with current literature which suggests that prenatal diagnosis of critical CHD is associated with a more optimized preoperative clinical status. However, we found that patients with prenatal diagnoses had less favorable postoperative outcomes. This needs to be investigated further, but may be secondary to patient-specific factors, such as CHD disease severity.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
We sought to examine current practices and changes in practice regarding initial counseling for families of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) given the evolution of options and outcomes over time. Counseling (Norwood with Blalock-Taussig-Thomas shunt (NW-BTT), NW with right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit (NW-RVPA), hybrid palliation, heart transplantation, or non-intervention/hospice (NI)) for patients with HLHS were queried via questionnaire of pediatric care professionals in 2021 and compared to identical questionnaire from 2011. Of 322 respondents in 2021 (39% female), 299 respondents were cardiologists (92.9%), 17cardiothoracic surgeons (5.3%), and 6 were nurse practitioners (1.9%). Respondents were largely from North America (96.9%). In 2021, NW-RVPA procedure was the preferred palliation for standard risk HLHS patient (61%) and was preferred across all US regions (p < 0.001). NI was offered as an option by 71.4% of respondents for standard risk patients and was the predominant strategy for patients with end-organ dysfunction, chromosomal abnormality, and prematurity (52%, 44%, and 45%, respectively). The hybrid procedure was preferred for low birth-weight infants (51%). In comparison to the identical 2011 questionnaire (n = 200), the NW-RVPA was endorsed more in 2021 (61% vs 52%, p = 0.04). For low birth-weight infants, hybrid procedure was more recommended than in 2011 (51% vs 21%, p < 0.001). The NW-RVPA operation is the most recommended strategy throughout the US for infants with HLHS. The hybrid procedure for low birth-weight infants is increasingly recommended. NI continues to be offered even in standard risk patients with HLHS.
Assuntos
Procedimento de Blalock-Taussig , Transplante de Coração , Síndrome do Coração Esquerdo Hipoplásico , Procedimentos de Norwood , Lactente , Criança , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Síndrome do Coração Esquerdo Hipoplásico/cirurgia , Procedimento de Blalock-Taussig/métodos , Artéria Pulmonar/cirurgia , Ventrículos do Coração , Aconselhamento , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos de Norwood/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients are usually maintained on at least 2 immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) after the first year post heart transplant. Anecdotally, some children are switched to single-drug monotherapy (a single ISD) for various reasons and varying durations. Outcomes associated with differences in immunosuppression after heart transplantation are unknown for children. OBJECTIVES: A priori we defined a noninferiority hypothesis for monotherapy compared to ≥2 ISDs. The primary outcome was graft failure, a composite of death and retransplantation. Secondary outcomes included rejection, infection, malignancy, cardiac allograft vasculopathy and dialysis. METHODS: This international, multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study used data from the Pediatric Heart Transplant Society. We included patients who underwent first-time heart transplant <18 years of age between 1999 and 2020 with ≥1 year of follow-up data available. RESULTS: Our analysis included 3493 patients with a median time post-transplant of 6.7 years. There were 893 patients (25.6%) switched to monotherapy at least once with the remaining 2600 patients always on ≥2 ISDs. The median time on monotherapy after the first year post-transplant was 2.8 years (range 1.1-5.9 years). We found an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.65 (95%CI: 0.47-0.88) favoring monotherapy compared to ≥2 ISDs (p = 0.002). There were no meaningful differences in the incidence of secondary outcomes between groups, except for a lower rate of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in patients on monotherapy (HR 0.58, 95%CI: 0.45-0.74). CONCLUSIONS: For pediatric heart transplant recipients placed on monotherapy, immunosuppression with a single ISD after the first year post-transplant was noninferior to standard therapy with ≥2 ISDs in the medium term. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: Some children are switched to a single immunosuppressive drug (ISD) for various reasons after heart transplant, but outcomes associated with differences in immunosuppression are unknown for children. We assessed graft failure in children on a single ISD (monotherapy) compared to ≥2 ISDs in a cohort of 3493 children with a first heart transplant. We found an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.65 (95%CI: 0.47-0.88) favoring monotherapy. We concluded that for pediatric heart transplant recipients placed on monotherapy, immunosuppression with a single ISD after the first year post-transplant was non-inferior to standard therapy with ≥2 ISDs in the medium term.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias , Transplante de Coração , Criança , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Estudos de Coortes , Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/prevenção & controle , Rejeição de Enxerto/etiologia , TransplantadosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients after Fontan palliation represent a growing pediatric population requiring heart transplant (HTx) and often have lymphopenia (L) and/or hypogammaglobinemia that may be exacerbated by protein-losing enteropathy (PLE, P). The post-HTx effects of this altered immune phenotype are not well studied. METHODS: In this study of the Pediatric Heart Transplant Society Registry, 106 Fontan patients who underwent HTx between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed. The impact of lymphopenia and PLE on graft survival, infection, rejection, and malignancy was analyzed at 1 and 5 years post-HTx. RESULTS: The following combinations of lymphopenia and PLE were noted: +L+P, n = 37; +L-P, n = 23; -L+P, n = 10; and -L-P, n = 36. Graft survival between the groups was similar within the first year after transplant (+L+P: 86%, +L-P: 86%, -L+P: 87%, -L-P: 89%, p = .9). Freedom from first infection post-HTx was greatest among -L-P patients compared to patients with either PLE, lymphopenia, or both; with a 22.1% infection incidence in the -L-P group and 41.4% in all others. These patients had a significantly lower infection rate in the first year after HTx (+L+P: 1.03, +L-P: 1, -L+P: 1.3, -L-P: 0.3 infections/year, p < .001) and were similar to a non-single ventricle CHD control group (0.4 infections/year). Neither freedom from rejection nor freedom from malignancy 1 and 5 years post-HTx, differed among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Fontan patients with altered immunophenotype, with lymphopenia and/or PLE, are at increased risk of infection post-HTx, although have similar early survival and freedom from rejection and malignancy. These data may encourage alternative immunosuppression strategies and enhanced monitoring for this growing subset of patients.
Assuntos
Doenças da Medula Óssea , Técnica de Fontan , Transplante de Coração , Linfopenia , Neoplasias , Enteropatias Perdedoras de Proteínas , Criança , Humanos , Enteropatias Perdedoras de Proteínas/etiologia , Linfopenia/complicações , Técnica de Fontan/efeitos adversos , Terapia de Imunossupressão/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/complicações , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The US Pediatric Heart Allocation Policy (PHAP) was revised in March 2016, with the goal of reducing waitlist mortality. We evaluated the hypothesis that these changes, which increased status exceptions, have worsened racial disparities in waitlist outcomes. METHODS: Children in the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study database listed for first heart transplant from January 2012 - June 2020 were included and stratified by listing before (Era 1) or after (Era 2) the PHAP revision. RESULTS: A total of 4,089 children were listed during the study period. Compared with white children (n = 2648), non-white children (n = 1441) were more likely to have an underlying diagnosis of cardiomyopathy in both eras. Waitlist mortality was similar in white and non-white children in Era 1, but comparatively worse for non-white children in Era 2. In multivariable analysis controlling for diagnosis, age, and severity markers, non-white children had a significantly higher waitlist mortality only in Era 2 (Era 1: sHR 1.22 [95%CI 0.90 - 1.66] vs. Era 2: sHR 1.57 [95%CI 1.17 - 2.10]). CONCLUSIONS: Widening racial disparities in waitlist mortality may be an unintended consequence of the 2016 PHAP revision. Additional analyses may inform the degree to which this policy vs. unrelated changes in care differentially contribute to these disparities.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatias , Transplante de Coração , Humanos , Criança , Listas de Espera , Políticas , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Children with congenital heart defects (CHDs) are at risk for poor academic performance. The degree to which receipt of health care services is associated with adverse academic outcomes is not known. We examined the association between episodes of cardiac care and third-grade performance in children with CHD. We identified subjects between 1/1/2008 and 4/30/2012 among 5 centers in North Carolina. We classified children by CHD type and linked subjects to the state educational records. Any inpatient or outpatient cardiac encounter on a date of service was considered an encounter. We calculated the number of encounters by adding the number of inpatient or outpatient cardiac visits prior to the date of the end-of-grade (EOG) tests. We estimated the odds of failing third-grade reading or math EOG tests by episodes of care stratified at the 50th percentile, controlling for CHD type, maternal education, sex, race/ethnicity, birth weight, and gestational age. A total of 184 children had third-grade EOG scores linked to health care records. The median number of episodes of care was 4 (range: 1-60). Those with visits Ë 50th percentile (> 4 encounters/year over the 4.3 year observation period) had 2.09 (95% CI 1.04, 4.21) greater odds of failing the math EOG compared to those ≤ 50th percentile (1-4 encounters). The third-grade math score declined by 1.5 points (P < 0.008) for every 10 episodes of care. There was no association of episodes of care on third-grade reading performance. Children with CHD with > 4 episodes of cardiac care/year may be at risk for delays in third-grade academic performance. Strategies to minimize school absenteeism may improve academic success in this population.
Assuntos
Desempenho Acadêmico , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Humanos , Criança , Escolaridade , Cardiopatias Congênitas/epidemiologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/terapia , Instituições Acadêmicas , North Carolina/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The AHA/ACC Adult Congenital Heart Disease guidelines recommend that most adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) follow-up with CHD cardiologists every 1 to 2 years because longer gaps in care are associated with adverse outcomes. This study aimed to determine the proportion of patients in North Carolina who did not have recommended follow-up and to explore predictors of loss to follow-up. METHODS: Patients ages ≥18 years with a healthcare encounter from 2008 to 2013 in a statewide North Carolina database with an ICD-9 code for CHD were assessed. The proportion with cardiology follow-up within 24 months following index encounter was assessed with Kaplan-Meier estimates. Cox regression was utilized to identify demographic factors associated with differences in follow-up. RESULTS: 2822 patients were identified. Median age was 35 years; 55% were female. 70% were white, 22% black, and 3% Hispanic; 36% had severe CHD. The proportion with 2-year cardiology follow-up was 61%. Those with severe CHD were more likely to have timely follow-up than those with less severe CHD (72% vs 55%, P < .01). Black patients had a lower likelihood of follow-up than white patients (56% vs 64%, P = .01). Multivariable Cox regression identified younger age, non-severe CHD, and non-white race as risk factors for a lower likelihood of follow-up by 2 years. CONCLUSION: 39% of adults with CHD in North Carolina are not meeting AHA/ACC recommendations for follow-up. Younger and minority patients and those with non-severe CHD were particularly vulnerable to inadequate follow-up; targeted efforts to retain these patients in care may be helpful.
Assuntos
Cardiologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Masculino , Cardiopatias Congênitas/epidemiologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Seguimentos , North Carolina/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: In the vast majority of Children's Hospitals, the critically ill patient can be found in one of three locations: the PICU, the neonatal ICU, and the cardiac ICU. Training, certification, and maintenance of certification for neonatology and critical care medicine are over seen by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and American Board of Pediatrics. There is no standardization of training or oversight of certification and maintenance of certification for pediatric cardiac critical care. DATA SOURCES: The curricula from the twenty 4th year pediatric cardiac critical care training programs were collated, along with the learning objectives from the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society published "Curriculum for Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Medicine." STUDY SELECTION: This initiative is endorsed by the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society as a first step toward Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education oversight of training and American Board of Pediatrics oversight of maintenance of certification. DATA EXTRACTION: A taskforce was established of cardiac intensivists, including the directors of all 4th year pediatric cardiac critical care training programs. DATA SYNTHESIS: Using modified Delphi methodology, learning objectives, rotational requirements, and institutional requirements for providing training were developed. CONCLUSIONS: In the current era of increasing specialized care in pediatric cardiac critical care, standardized training for pediatric cardiac critical care is paramount to optimizing outcomes.
Assuntos
Pediatria , Médicos , Criança , Cuidados Críticos , Currículo , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estados UnidosRESUMO
With improved surgical outcomes, infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD) may die from other causes of death (COD) other than CHD. We sought to describe the COD in youth with CHD in North Carolina (NC). Patients from birth to 20 years of age with a healthcare encounter between 2008 and 2013 in NC were identified by ICD-9 code. Patients who could be linked to a NC death certificate between 2008 and 2016 were included. Patients were divided by CHD subtypes (severe, shunt, valve, other). COD was compared between groups. Records of 35,542 patients < 20 years old were evaluated. There were 15,277 infants with an annual mortality rate of 3.5 deaths per 100 live births. The most frequent COD in infants (age < 1 year) were CHD (31.7%), lung disease (16.1%), and infection (11.4%). In 20,265 children (age 1 to < 20 years), there was annual mortality rate of 9.7 deaths per 1000 at risk. The most frequent COD in children were CHD (34.2%), neurologic disease (10.2%), and infection (9.5%). In the severe subtype, CHD was the most common COD. In infants with shunt-type CHD disease, lung disease (19.5%) was the most common COD. The mortality rate in infants was three times higher when compared to children. CHD is the most common underlying COD, but in those with shunt-type lesions, extra-cardiac COD is more common. A multidisciplinary approach in CHD patients, where development of best practice models regarding comorbid conditions such as lung disease and neurologic disease could improve outcomes in this patient population.
Assuntos
Causas de Morte/tendências , Cardiopatias Congênitas/mortalidade , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , North Carolina/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare hereditary tubulopathy affecting the distal tubule leading to significant electrolyte disturbances.1 Although generally a benign condition, rare associations with arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death have been reported.1 A paucity of literature exists associating GS with cardiomyopathy. We present a child with dilated cardiomyopathy and GS who was successfully treated with orthotopic heart transplantation.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/cirurgia , Síndrome de Gitelman/cirurgia , Transplante de Coração/métodos , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/complicações , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/diagnóstico , Criança , Ecocardiografia , Síndrome de Gitelman/complicações , Síndrome de Gitelman/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Background Little is known about the contemporary mortality experience among adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). The objectives of this study were to assess the age at death, presence of cardiovascular comorbidities, and most common causes of death among adults with CHD in a contemporary cohort within the United States. Methods and Results Patients with CHD who had a healthcare encounter between 2008 and 2013 at 1 of 5 comprehensive CHD centers in North Carolina were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), code. Only patients who could be linked to a North Carolina death certificate between 2008 and 2016 and with age at death ≥20 years were included. Median age at death and underlying cause of death based on death certificate data were analyzed. The prevalence of acquired cardiovascular risk factors was determined from electronic medical record data. Among the 629 included patients, the median age at death was 64.2 years. Those with severe CHD (n=157, 25%), shunts (n=202, 32%), and valvular lesions (n=174, 28%) had a median age at death of 46.0, 65.0, and 73.3 years, respectively. Cardiovascular death was most common in adults with severe CHD (60%), with 40% of those deaths caused by CHD. Malignancy and ischemic heart disease were the most common causes of death in adults with nonsevere CHD. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were common comorbidities among all CHD severity groups. Conclusions The most common underlying causes of death differed by lesion severity. Those with severe lesions most commonly died from underlying CHD, whereas those with nonsevere disease more commonly died from non-CHD causes.
Assuntos
Causas de Morte , Cardiopatias Congênitas/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , North Carolina/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
In patients with total cavopulmonary connections, elevated central venous pressures (CVP) have detrimental effects on the lymphatic system causing an imbalance in fluid production and drainage of the interstitium. This combination may result in life-threatening lymphatic complications including plastic bronchitis (PB), protein losing enteropathy (PLE), chylothorax, and ascites. While embolization of the abnormal lymphatics has greatly improved outcomes from these complications, alternative treatment strategies have been proposed that would result in improved lymphatic drainage while leaving the lymphatic system intact. We report two novel transcatheter approaches for thoracic duct (TD) decompression in two patients who developed PLE after completion of the Fontan procedure as part of staged palliation for congenital heart disease. In addition, one patient had severe concurrent PB. In both patients, a connection was created between a left superior vena cava (LSVC) to the left atrium allowing for a nonsurgical method to decompress the TD. This procedure resulted in significant clinical and laboratory improvement of both patients' PLE and other symptoms of lymphatic dysfunction.
Assuntos
Bronquite/terapia , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Técnica de Fontan/efeitos adversos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Doenças Linfáticas/terapia , Enteropatias Perdedoras de Proteínas/terapia , Ducto Torácico/fisiopatologia , Bronquite/diagnóstico , Bronquite/etiologia , Bronquite/fisiopatologia , Cateterismo Cardíaco/instrumentação , Cateteres Cardíacos , Criança , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias Congênitas/fisiopatologia , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Doenças Linfáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Linfáticas/etiologia , Doenças Linfáticas/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Cuidados Paliativos , Enteropatias Perdedoras de Proteínas/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Perdedoras de Proteínas/etiologia , Enteropatias Perdedoras de Proteínas/fisiopatologia , Stents , Ducto Torácico/diagnóstico por imagem , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of ventricular assist devices (VADs) in children with heart failure may be of particular benefit to those with accompanying renal failure, as improved renal function is seen in some, but not all recipients. We hypothesized that persistent renal dysfunction at 7 days and/or 1 month after VAD implantation would predict chronic kidney disease (CKD) 1 year after heart transplantation (HT). METHODS: Linkage analysis of all VAD patients enrolled in both the PEDIMACS and PHTS registries between 2012 and 2016. Persistent acute kidney injury (P-AKI), defined as a serum creatinine ≥1.5× baseline, was assessed at post-implant day 7. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was determined at implant, 30 days thereafter, and 12 months post-HT. Pre-implant eGFR, eGFR normalization (to ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 ), and P-AKI were used to predict post-HT CKD (eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 ). RESULTS: The mean implant eGFR was 85.4 ± 46.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 . P-AKI was present in 19/188 (10%). Mean eGFR at 1 month post-VAD implant was 131.1 ± 62.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 , significantly increased above baseline (P < 0.001). At 1 year post-HT (n = 133), 60 (45%) had CKD. Lower pre-implant eGFR was associated with post-HT CKD (OR 0.99, CI: 0.97-0.99, P = 0.005); P-AKI was not (OR 0.96, CI: 0.3-3.0, P = 0.9). Failure to normalize renal function 30 days after implant was highly associated with CKD at 1 year post-transplant (OR 12.5, CI 2.8-55, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Renal function improves after VAD implantation. Lower pre-implant eGFR and failure to normalize renal function during the support period are risk factors for CKD development after HT.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Transplante de Coração , Coração Auxiliar , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Masculino , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Home oxygen therapy is often required in children with chronic respiratory conditions. This document provides an evidence-based clinical practice guideline on the implementation, monitoring, and discontinuation of home oxygen therapy for the pediatric population. METHODS: A multidisciplinary panel identified pertinent questions regarding home oxygen therapy in children, conducted systematic reviews of the relevant literature, and applied the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to rate the quality of evidence and strength of clinical recommendations. RESULTS: After considering the panel's confidence in the estimated effects, the balance of desirable (benefits) and undesirable (harms and burdens) consequences of treatment, patient values and preferences, cost, and feasibility, recommendations were developed for or against home oxygen therapy specific to pediatric lung and pulmonary vascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Although home oxygen therapy is commonly required in the care of children, there is a striking lack of empirical evidence regarding implementation, monitoring, and discontinuation of supplemental oxygen therapy. The panel formulated and provided the rationale for clinical recommendations for home oxygen therapy based on scant empirical evidence, expert opinion, and clinical experience to aid clinicians in the management of these complex pediatric patients and identified important areas for future research.
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Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar , Oxigenoterapia/métodos , Transtornos Respiratórios/terapia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Sociedades , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bacterial infections represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in heart transplant recipients. However, data describing the epidemiology and outcomes of these infections in children are limited. METHODS: We analyzed the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study database of patients transplanted between 1993 and 2014 to determine the etiologies, risk factors and outcomes of children with bacterial infections post-heart transplantation. RESULTS: Of 4,458 primary transplants in the database, there were 4,815 infections that required hospitalization or intravenous therapy, 2,047 (42.51%) of which were bacterial. The risk of bacterial infection was highest in the first month post-transplant, and the bloodstream was the most common site (24.82%). In the early post-transplant period (<30 days post-transplant), coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common pathogens (16.97%), followed by Enterobacter sp (11.99%) and Pseudomonas sp (11.62%). In the late post-transplant period, community-acquired pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (6.27%) and Haemophilus influenzae (2.82%) were also commonly identified. Patients' characteristics independently associated with acquisition of bacterial infection included younger age (p < 0.0001) and ventilator (p < 0.0001) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (p = 0.03) use at time of transplant. Overall mortality post-bacterial infection was 33.78%, and previous cardiac surgery (p < 0.001) and multiple sites of infection (p = 0.004) were independent predictors of death. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteria were the most common causes of severe infections in pediatric heart transplant recipients and were associated with high mortality rates. The risk of acquiring a bacterial infection was highest in the first month post-transplant, and a large proportion of the infections were caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Causas de Morte , Transplante de Coração/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Distribuição por Idade , Infecções Bacterianas/terapia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Intervalos de Confiança , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Transplante de Coração/métodos , Transplante de Coração/mortalidade , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/microbiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/fisiopatologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Distribuição por Sexo , Análise de Sobrevida , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaAssuntos
American Heart Association , Circulação Assistida , Aprovação de Equipamentos , Circulação Extracorpórea , Circulação Assistida/instrumentação , Circulação Assistida/métodos , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Circulação Extracorpórea/instrumentação , Circulação Extracorpórea/métodos , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Taxa de Sobrevida , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fontan survivors have depressed cardiac index that worsens over time. Serum biomarker measurement is minimally invasive, rapid, widely available, and may be useful for serial monitoring. The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers that correlate with lower cardiac index in Fontan patients. Methods and results This study was a multi-centre case series assessing the correlations between biomarkers and cardiac magnetic resonance-derived cardiac index in Fontan patients ⩾6 years of age with biochemical and haematopoietic biomarkers obtained ±12 months from cardiac magnetic resonance. Medical history and biomarker values were obtained by chart review. Spearman's Rank correlation assessed associations between biomarker z-scores and cardiac index. Biomarkers with significant correlations had receiver operating characteristic curves and area under the curve estimated. In total, 97 cardiac magnetic resonances in 87 patients met inclusion criteria: median age at cardiac magnetic resonance was 15 (6-33) years. Significant correlations were found between cardiac index and total alkaline phosphatase (-0.26, p=0.04), estimated creatinine clearance (0.26, p=0.02), and mean corpuscular volume (-0.32, p<0.01). Area under the curve for the three individual biomarkers was 0.63-0.69. Area under the curve for the three-biomarker panel was 0.75. Comparison of cardiac index above and below the receiver operating characteristic curve-identified cut-off points revealed significant differences for each biomarker (p<0.01) and for the composite panel [median cardiac index for higher-risk group=2.17 L/minute/m2 versus lower-risk group=2.96 L/minute/m2, (p<0.01)]. CONCLUSIONS: Higher total alkaline phosphatase and mean corpuscular volume as well as lower estimated creatinine clearance identify Fontan patients with lower cardiac index. Using biomarkers to monitor haemodynamics and organ-specific effects warrants prospective investigation.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Débito Cardíaco/fisiologia , Técnica de Fontan/métodos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/sangue , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Cardiopatias Congênitas/fisiopatologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this review are to discuss the paradigms used to stage heart failure in children, the classification and physiologic profile of cardiomyopathies, and the acute and chronic pharmacologic management of heart failure. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE, PubMed. CONCLUSION: The etiology of chronic heart failure in pediatrics is vast. The paradigm of extrapolating adult clinical trials and technological advancements to treat heart failure in children has become a nonsustainable model. The field of pediatric heart failure continues to advance with more robust guideline-directed care and the imminent creation of a dynamic, contemporary international database. As the field involves a markedly heterogeneous patient population, it is imperative to use pediatric specific descriptors of disease impact. The fields of pediatric heart failure and critical care medicine will continue to evolve together as childhood specific registries, quality improvement guidelines, and research will lead to practice models eliciting optimal therapy for patients with heart failure in the intensive care setting.