Factor analysis of neuropsychological domains in a preschool clinic.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical practice of preschool neuropsychology assumes that our assessment tools are measuring underlying neuropsychological functions, and that these functions are negatively impacted by early life neurological injury, disease, and disorder. This study hypothesized that general intellectual capacity and specific cognitive skills, both "broad" neuropsychological domains and "specific" subdomains within those broader clusters, would be differentiable in a preschool-age clinical population. METHODS: Using neuropsychological data from 580 children (6 and 71 months) seen for a clinical neuropsychological evaluation in the Preschool and Infant Neuropsychological Testing (PINT) Clinic, exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted. Results: A one-factor model provided a good fit when considering verbal, nonverbal, and adaptive functions. Consideration of one- versus two-factor solutions for broad neuropsychological domains indicated that a 2-factor solution provided a significantly better fit for the data. Factor 1 was defined by motor, language, and nonverbal reasoning abilities; Factor 2 was defined by inhibitory control and attention. Further consideration of specific neuropsychological functions also supported a 2-factor solution. Factor 1 ("thinking") was defined by nonverbal reasoning, receptive language, and expressive language; Factor 2 ("processing") was defined by impulse control, inhibitory control, inattention, visual-motor integration, and visuo-constructional abilities. Motor skills cross-loaded onto both factors. Secondary analyses suggest these models provide the best fit for preschool-aged children with > 70 overall intellectual functioning and no comorbid medical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: In a clinical sample of preschool-age children, neuropsychological assessment data appears to assess a general level of intellectual capacity or functioning. Further differentiation between assessing "thinking" (knowledge and reasoning skills) and "processing" (cognitive attention and processing of information) can be considered clinically. Next steps include more recent clinical sample replication, consideration of whether neuropsychological profiles are detectable in the preschool-age range and whether the results of early life assessment are predictive of future functioning.

Efficacy of a peer-based in-home education program in improving social-emotional outcomes of parents and children.

Significant disparities in education and social-emotional outcomes exist between racial/ethnic groups, particularly impacting children growing up in impoverished environments. Home visitation intervention programs, such as the Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY), have been used for decades to improve academic readiness in these vulnerable preschool-aged children. Although the benefits of HIPPY on academic readiness and performance are well-documented, there has been no examination of social-emotional benefits to participating parent-child dyads. This study followed a HIPPY cohort over the course of 1 year to evaluate change in maternal and child social-emotional and behavioral functioning. Program participants demonstrated reduced parental stress and depression and increased parental social connection as well as reduced child externalizing behaviors and improved child adaptive functioning over the course of the program, even in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown. These data highlight the additional benefits of early home-based academic intervention programs.

Las significativas disparidades en educación y resultados socioemocionales existen entre grupos raciales/étnicos, ejerciendo particularmente un impacto en los niños que crecen en ambientes empobrecidos. Los programas de intervención de visitas a casa, tales como la Instrucción en el Hogar para Padres y Niños Pequeños en Edad Prescolar (HIPPY), han sido utilizados por décadas para mejorar la preparación académica en estos niños de edad prescolar vulnerables. A pesar de que los beneficios de HIPPY en cuanto a preparación y rendimiento académicos están bien documentados, no se ha dado una revisión de los beneficios socioemocionales para las díadas progenitor-niño que participan. Este estudio le dio seguimiento a un grupo de HIPPY a lo largo del curso de un año para evaluar el cambio en el funcionamiento socioemocional y de comportamiento materno y en el niño. Los participantes en el programa demostraron un reducido nivel de estrés y depresión en progenitores y un aumento en la conexión social de progenitores, así como niveles reducidos de comportamiento externalizantes en el niño y un incremento en el funcionamiento de adaptación del niño a lo largo del curso del programa, aun dentro del contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19 y el aislamiento que con ella se asocia. Estos datos subrayan los beneficios adicionales de programas tempranos de intervención académica en casa.

Des inégalités importantes dans l'éducation et les résultats socio-émotionnels existent entre les groupes raciaux/ethniques, ce qui impacte particulièrement les enfants grandissant dans des milieux appauvris. Des programmes d'intervention de visite à domicile, comme le programme d'Instruction à Domicile de Parents de Jeunes Enfants d'Age Préscolaire (abrégé HIPPY en anglais), ont été utilisés depuis des dizaines d'années afin d'améliorer la préparation académique de ces enfants vulnérables d'âge préscolaire. Bien que les bénéfices du programme HIPPY sur la préparation académique et la performance académique soit bien documentée, les bénéfices socio-émotionnels de la participation des dyades parent-enfant n'ont jamais été examinés. Cette étude a donc suivi une cohorte HIPPY au cours d'une année afin d'évaluer le changement dans le fonctionnement émotionnel et comportemental maternel et de l'enfant. Les participantes ou participants au programme ont fait preuve d'une réduction du stress parental et de la dépression et de plus de lien social parental ainsi qu'une réduction de comportements d'externalisation de l'enfant et d'un fonctionnement adaptatif de l'enfant amélioré au cours du programme, même dans le contexte de la pandémie du covid-19 et du confinement. Ces données mettent en évidence les bénéfices supplémentaires des programmes d'intervention académique précoce à domicile.

Barriers and facilitators of health among older adult immigrants in the United States: an integrative review of 20 years of literature.

BACKGROUND: There are over seven million older adult immigrants in the United States, and that number is expected to increase. Older adult immigrants in the United States have unique factors that influence their health. METHODS: In this integrative review, we systematically review 20 years of peer-reviewed literature on the barriers (i.e. isolation, lack of English Language Proficiency, low health literacy, lack of SES resources, discrimination) and facilitators (i.e. English Language Proficiency and maintaining ones native language, social support, culturally sensitive providers, healthcare access) of health among older adult immigrants in the United States. RESULTS: We found differing uses of the term 'older adult', emphasis on the lack of homogeneity among older adult immigrants, social support and isolation as significant barriers and facilitators of older adult immigrant health, and inconsistencies in uses and definitions of acculturation. We also examined relevant theories in the literature. Based on the literature review, focusing on Acculturation Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and Successful Aging Theory, combining these three theories with findings from the literature to create the Older Adult Immigrant Adapted Model for Health Promotion. CONCLUSIONS: Public health strives to promote health and prevent adverse health outcomes. Our integrative review not only systematically and thoroughly explicates 20 years of literature, but the Older Adult Immigrant Adapted Model for Health Promotion, provides guidance for future research and interventions.