Gender differences in mental health during the economic crisis / Diferencias de género en salud mental durante la crisis económica

BACKGROUND: Economic crises have a negative effect on mental health. Little evidence has been published on the impact of economic downturns on male and female. The aim of the study was to analyze gender differences in specific mental disorders in primary care during the current economic recession in Spain. METHOD: A total of 7,914 patients in 2006 and 5,876 patients in 2010 were recruited to collect sociodemographic data and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2010 the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder increased 155.7% in men and 104.9% in women; Generalized Anxiety Disorder increased 98.3% in men and 71.3% in women; and Multisomatoform Disorder increased 100.05% in men and 37% in women. The effect of the Employment confounder was significant across all comparisons: Major Depressive Disorder Generalized Odds Ratio=2.557 for Men (p<.001), 2.046 for Women (p=.002); Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Odds Ratio= 2.153 (p<.001) for Men, 1.546 for Women (p<.001); and for Non-specific Multisomatoform Disorder Generalized Odds Ratio=1.680 for Men (p<.001) and 1.301 for women (p=.014). CONCLUSION: Overall prevalence of mental disorders increased significantly between 2006 and 2010, especially in males, who are more sensitive to the effect of the current economic recession than women

ANTECEDENTES: el impacto de las crisis económicas sobre la salud mental está bien documentado, pero hay poca evidencia sobre el efecto diferencial que pueda tener entre hombres y mujeres. El objetivo fue analizar las diferencias de género en la prevalencia de trastornos mentales en atención primaria durante la recesión económica en España. MÉTODO: 7.914 pacientes en 2006-2007 y 5.876 en 2010-2011 fueron encuestados para recoger datos sociodemográficos y completar la entrevista Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. RESULTADOS: entre 2006 y 2010 la prevalencia del Trastorno Depresivo Mayor incrementó 155,7% en hombres y un 104,9% en mujeres; el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada aumentó 98,3% en hombres y 71,3% en mujeres; el Trastorno Multisomatomorfo incrementó 100,05% en hombres y 37% en mujeres. El desempleo fue significativo en todos los análisis: Trastorno Depresivo Odds Ratio Generalizados= 2.557 en hombres (p<.001), 2.046 en mujeres (p= .002); Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada Odds Ratio Generalizados= 2.153 (p<.001) en hombres, 1.546 en mujeres (p<.001); Trastorno Multisomatoformo indiferenciado Odds Ratio Generalizados= 1.680 en hombres (p<.001) y 1.301 en mujeres (p= .014). CONCLUSIONES: la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales se incrementó entre 2006 y 2010 en ambos sexos, pero especialmente en hombres, quienes son más sensibles a los efectos de la crisis económica

Gender differences in mental health during the economic crisis.

BACKGROUND: Economic crises have a negative effect on mental health. Little evidence has been published on the impact of economic downturns on male and female. The aim of the study was to analyze gender differences in specific mental disorders in primary care during the current economic recession in Spain. METHOD: A total of 7,914 patients in 2006 and 5,876 patients in 2010 were recruited to collect sociodemographic data and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2010 the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder increased 155.7% in men and 104.9% in women; Generalized Anxiety Disorder increased 98.3% in men and 71.3% in women; and Multisomatoform Disorder increased 100.05% in men and 37% in women. The effect of the Employment confounder was significant across all comparisons:  Major Depressive Disorder Generalized Odds Ratio=2.557 for Men (p<.001), 2.046 for Women (p=.002); Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Odds Ratio= 2.153 (p<.001) for Men, 1.546 for Women (p<.001); and for Non-specific Multisomatoform Disorder Generalized Odds Ratio=1.680 for Men (p<.001) and 1.301 for women (p=.014). CONCLUSION: Overall prevalence of mental disorders increased significantly between 2006 and 2010, especially in males, who are more sensitive to the effect of the current economic recession than women.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la escala QIDS-SR16 en pacientes con trastorno depresivo / Psychometric properties of Spanish version of QIDS-SR16 in depressive patients

Introducción. La depresión es un problema de saludmental a nivel mundial, por lo que mejorar el diagnóstico con pruebas fiables y breves es crucial. En este sentido, la escala Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR16) ha sido validada en distintos países encontrando que es un instrumento con un correcto equilibrio entre fiabilidad y tiempo. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del QIDS-SR16 y proporcionar puntos de corte para valorar la gravedad del trastorno depresivo. Metodología. Basado en los datos del estudio RESIST que reclutó 1595 pacientes depresivos en 17 comunidades autónomas. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala Hamilton para la Evaluación de la Depresión de 17 ítems (HDRS17) y la versión española del QIDS-SR16. El análisis estadístico incluyó procedimientos para determinar la fiabilidad test-retest, la consistencia interna, y explorar la naturaleza dimensional del cuestionario, así como el cálculo de la curva ROC para determinar diferentes puntos de corte. Resultados. El QIDS-SR16 muestra una buena fiabilidad test-retest y una alta consistencia interna (α=0.871), así como una curva ROC cuyo valor es 0.946. El análisis factorial exploratorio indica la existencia de un factor que explica el 46.80% de la varianza. La validez convergente y la sensibilidad al cambio han sido adecuadas. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que el QIDS-SR16 es un instrumento fiable evaluar la gravedad de la sintomatología depresiva en población española. El punto de corte que ofrece un mejor balance entre sensibilidad y especificidad se sitúa en una puntuación total de 7

Introduction. Depression is a worldwide health problem. Thus, making the diagnosis with reliable and short tests is crucial. In this regard, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR16) has been validated in several countries. It was found that this instrument has a correct balance between time and reliability. This study has aimed to assess psychometric properties of QIDS-SR16 Spanish version, and to calculate several cutoffs to evaluate the depressive disorder severity. Method. The study was based on the data from the RESIST study that recruited 1595 depressive patients from 17 regional communities. Instruments used were Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) and Spanish version of QIDS-SR16. Statistical analyses included test-retest reliability and internal consistency calculation, and exploratory factor analysis. In addition, ROC curve was calculated in order to determine different cutoff values. Results. QIDS-SR16 shows adequate test-retest reliability and high internal consistency (alfa=0.871), as well as ROC value of 0.946. Exploratory factor analysis showed a one factor model, which accounted for 46.80% of variance. Convergent validity and sensitivity to change were adequate. Discussion. The results suggest that the QIDS-SR16 is a reliable test to assess depressive symptom severity in the Spanish population. The cut off that shows the best sensitivity/specificity rate was a total score of 7

Psychometric properties of Spanish version of QIDS-SR16 in depressive patients.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a worldwide health problem. Thus, making the diagnosis with reliable and short tests is crucial. In this regard, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR16) has been validated in several countries. It was found that this instrument has a correct balance between time and reliability. This study has aimed to assess psychometric properties of QIDS-SR16 Spanish version, and to calculate several cutoffs to evaluate the depressive disorder severity. METHOD: The study was based on the data from the RESIST study that recruited 1595 depressive patients from 17 regional communities. Instruments used were Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) and Spanish version of QIDS-SR16. Statistical analyses included test-retest reliability and internal consistency calculation, and exploratory factor analysis. In addition, ROC curve was calculated in order to determine different cutoff values. RESULTS: QIDS-SR16 shows adequate test-retest reliability and high internal consistency (α=0.871), as well as ROC value of 0.946. Exploratory factor analysis showed a one factor model, which accounted for 46.80% of variance. Convergent validity and sensitivity to change were adequate. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that the QIDS-SR16 is a reliable test to assess depressive symptom severity in the Spanish population. The cutoff that shows the best sensitivity/specificity rate was a total score of 7.