Dorsal Root Ganglion Volumetry by MR Gangliography.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dorsal root ganglion MR imaging (MR gangliography) is increasingly gaining clinical-scientific relevance. However, dorsal root ganglion morphometry by MR imaging is typically performed under the assumption of ellipsoid geometry, which remains to be validated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four healthy volunteers (37 [57.8%] men; mean age, 31.5 [SD, 8.3] years) underwent MR gangliography of the bilateral L4-S2 levels (3D-T2WI TSE spectral attenuated inversion recovery-sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolution, isotropic voxels = 1.1 mm³, TE = 301 ms). Ground truth dorsal root ganglion volumes were bilaterally determined for 96 dorsal root ganglia (derivation cohort) by expert manual 3D segmentation by 3 independent raters. These ground truth dorsal root ganglion volumes were then compared with geometric ellipsoid dorsal root ganglion approximations as commonly practiced for dorsal root ganglion morphometry. On the basis of the deviations from ellipsoid geometry, improved volume estimation could be derived and was finally applied to a large human validation cohort (510 dorsal root ganglia). RESULTS: Commonly used equations of ellipsoid geometry underestimate true dorsal root ganglion volume by large degrees (factor = 0.42-0.63). Ground truth segmentation enabled substantially optimizing dorsal root ganglion geometric approximation using its principal axes lengths by deriving the dorsal root ganglion volume term of [Formula: see text]. Using this optimization, the mean volumes of 510 lumbosacral healthy dorsal root ganglia were as follows: L4: 211.3 (SD, 52.5) mm³, L5: 290.7 (SD, 90.9) mm³, S1: 384.2 (SD, 145.0) mm³, and S2: 192.4 (SD, 52.6) mm³. Dorsal root ganglion volume increased from L4 to S1 and decreased from S1 to S2 (P < .001). Dorsal root ganglion volume correlated with subject height (r = . 22, P < .001) and was higher in men (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Dorsal root ganglion volumetry by measuring its principal geometric axes on MR gangliography can be substantially optimized. By means of this optimization, dorsal root ganglion volume distribution was estimated in a large healthy cohort for the clinically most relevant lumbosacral levels, L4-S2.

Serotonergic modulation of 'waiting impulsivity' is mediated by the impulsivity phenotype in humans.

In rodents, the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) has been established as a reliable measure of waiting impulsivity being defined as the ability to regulate a response in anticipation of reinforcement. Key brain structures are the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and prefrontal regions (for example, pre- and infralimbic cortex), which are, together with other transmitters, modulated by serotonin. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we examined 103 healthy males while performing the 5-CSRTT measuring brain activation in humans by means of a paradigm that has been widely applied in rodents. Subjects were genotyped for the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2; G-703T; rs4570625) variant, an enzyme specific for brain serotonin synthesis. We addressed neural activation patterns of waiting impulsivity and the interaction between the NAcc and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) using dynamic causal modeling. Genetic influence was examined via interaction analyses between the TPH2 genotype (GG homozygotes vs T allele carriers) and the degree of impulsivity as measured by the 5-CSRTT. We found that the driving input of the vmPFC was reduced in highly impulsive T allele carriers (reflecting a reduced top-down control) in combination with an enhanced response in the NAcc after correct target processing (reflecting an augmented response to monetary reward). Taken together, we found a high overlap of our findings with reports from animal studies in regard to the underlying cognitive processes, the brain regions associated with waiting impulsivity and the neural interplay between the NAcc and vmPFC. Therefore, we conclude that the 5-CSRTT is a promising tool for translational studies.

Probabilistic Fiber-Tracking Reveals Degeneration of the Contralateral Auditory Pathway in Patients with Vestibular Schwannoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vestibular schwannomas cause progressive hearing loss by direct damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve. The cerebral mechanisms of degeneration or plasticity are not well-understood. Therefore, the goal of our study was to show the feasibility of probabilistic fiber-tracking of the auditory pathway in patients with vestibular schwannomas and to compare the ipsi- and contralateral volume and integrity, to test differences between the hemispheres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with vestibular schwannomas were investigated before surgery. Diffusion-weighted imaging (25 directions) was performed on a 3T MR imaging system. Probabilistic tractography was performed for 3 partial sections of the auditory pathway. Volume and fractional anisotropy were determined and compared ipsilaterally and contralaterally. The laterality ratio was correlated with the level of hearing loss. RESULTS: Anatomically reasonable tracts were depicted in all patients for the acoustic radiation. Volume was significantly decreased on the hemisphere contralateral to the tumor side for the acoustic radiation and diencephalic section, while fractional anisotropy did not differ significantly. Tracking did not yield meaningful tracts in 3 patients for the thalamocortical section and in 5 patients for the diencephalic section. No statistically significant correlations between the laterality quotient and classification of hearing loss were found. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, this study showed that different sections of the auditory pathway between the inferior colliculus and the auditory cortex can be visualized by using probabilistic tractography. A significant volume decrease of the auditory pathway on the contralateral hemisphere was observed and may be explained by transsynaptic degeneration of the crossing auditory pathway.

Responses of the Human Brain to Mild Dehydration and Rehydration Explored In Vivo by 1H-MR Imaging and Spectroscopy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: As yet, there are no in vivo data on tissue water changes and associated morphometric changes involved in the osmo-adaptation of normal brains. Our aim was to evaluate osmoadaptive responses of the healthy human brain to osmotic challenges of de- and rehydration by serial measurements of brain volume, tissue fluid, and metabolites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial T1-weighted and (1)H-MR spectroscopy data were acquired in 15 healthy individuals at normohydration, on 12 hours of dehydration, and during 1 hour of oral rehydration. Osmotic challenges were monitored by serum measures, including osmolality and hematocrit. MR imaging data were analyzed by using FreeSurfer and LCModel. RESULTS: On dehydration, serum osmolality increased by 0.67% and brain tissue fluid decreased by 1.63%, on average. MR imaging morphometry demonstrated corresponding decreases of cortical thickness and volumes of the whole brain, cortex, white matter, and hypothalamus/thalamus. These changes reversed during rehydration. Continuous fluid ingestion of 1 L of water for 1 hour within the scanner lowered serum osmolality by 0.96% and increased brain tissue fluid by 0.43%, on average. Concomitantly, cortical thickness and volumes of the whole brain, cortex, white matter, and hypothalamus/thalamus increased. Changes in brain tissue fluid were related to volume changes of the whole brain, the white matter, and hypothalamus/thalamus. Only volume changes of the hypothalamus/thalamus significantly correlated with serum osmolality. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study simultaneously evaluating changes in brain tissue fluid, metabolites, volume, and cortical thickness. Our results reflect cellular volume regulatory mechanisms at a macroscopic level and emphasize that it is essential to control for hydration levels in studies on brain morphometry and metabolism in order to avoid confounding the findings.