Plasmonic dielectric antennas for hybrid optical nanotweezing and optothermoelectric manipulation of single nanosized extracellular vesicles.

This paper showcases an experimental demonstration of near-field optical trapping and dynamic manipulation of an individual extracellular vesicle. This is accomplished through the utilization of a plasmonic dielectric nanoantenna designed to support an optical anapole state-a non-radiating optical state resulting from the destructive interference between electric and toroidal dipoles in the far-field, leading to robust near-field enhancement. To further enhance the field intensity associated with the optical anapole state, a plasmonic mirror is incorporated, thereby boosting trapping capabilities. In addition to demonstrating near-field optical trapping, the study achieves dynamic manipulation of extracellular vesicles by harnessing the thermoelectric effect. This effect is induced in the presence of an ionic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), combined with plasmonic heating. Furthermore, the thermoelectric effect improves trapping stability by introducing a wide and deep trapping potential. In summary, our hybrid plasmonic-dielectric trapping platform offers a versatile approach for actively transporting, stably trapping, and dynamically manipulating individual extracellular vesicles.

Towards rapid colorimetric detection of extracellular vesicles using optofluidics-enhanced color-changing optical metasurface.

Efficient transportation and delivery of analytes to the surface of optical sensors are crucial for overcoming limitations in diffusion-limited transport and analyte sensing. In this study, we propose a novel approach that combines metasurface optics with optofluidics-enabled active transport of extracellular vesicles (EVs). By leveraging this combination, we show that we can rapidly capture EVs and detect their adsorption through a color change generated by a specially designed optical metasurface that produces structural colors. Our results demonstrate that the integration of optofluidics and metasurface optics enables spectrometer-less and label-free colorimetric read-out for EV concentrations as low as 107 EVs/ml, achieved within a short incubation time of two minutes.

Mirror-Enhanced Plasmonic Nanoaperture for Ultrahigh Optical Force Generation with Minimal Heat Generation.

Double Nanohole Plasmonic Tweezers (DNH) have emerged as a powerful approach for confining light to sub-wavelength volume, enabling the trapping of nanoscale particles much smaller than the wavelength of light. However, to circumvent plasmonic heating effects, DNH tweezers are typically operated off-resonance, resulting in reduced optical forces and field enhancements. In this study, we introduce a novel DNH design with a reflector layer, enabling on-resonance illumination while minimizing plasmonic heating. This design efficiently dissipates heat and redistributes the electromagnetic hotspots, making them more accessible for trapping nanoscale particles and enhancing light-matter interactions. We also demonstrate low-power trapping and release of small extracellular vesicles. Our work opens new possibilities for trapping-assisted Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), plasmon-enhanced imaging, and single photon emission applications that demand strong light-matter interactions.

Anapole-Assisted Low-Power Optical Trapping of Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles and Particles.

This study addresses the challenge of trapping nanoscale biological particles using optical tweezers without the photothermal heating effect and the limitation presented by the diffraction limit. Optical tweezers are effective for trapping microscopic biological objects but not for nanoscale specimens due to the diffraction limit. To overcome this, we present an approach that uses optical anapole states in all-dielectric nanoantenna systems on distributed Bragg reflector substrates to generate strong optical gradient force and potential on nanoscale biological objects with negligible temperature rise below 1 K. The anapole antenna condenses the accessible electromagnetic energy to scales as small as 30 nm. Using this approach, we successfully trapped nanosized extracellular vesicles and supermeres (approximately 25 nm in size) using low laser power of only 10.8 mW. This nanoscale optical trapping platform has great potential for single molecule analysis while precluding photothermal degradation.

532-nm second harmonic generation with enhanced efficiency using subharmonic cavity modulation-based quasi-Q-switched-mode-locked pulses.

We report the results of our investigation of the second harmonic generation (SHG) green pulse generation with an active, quasi-Q-switched-mode-locked (QML) fiber laser based on subharmonic cavity modulation. First, we investigate the working principle of the quasi-QML pulse generation technique, based on subharmonic cavity modulation through analytical calculation. We show that the stable QML-like pulse generation by subharmonic cavity modulation is induced by phase-locked interference of a large number of subharmonic modulation-induced frequency components within a cavity. Next, we experimentally realize a 1064 nm quasi-QML fiber laser with an ytterbium (Yb)-doped fiber ring cavity incorporating an acousto-optic modulator. Finally, using the implemented quasi-QML laser, we experimentally show that the use of 1064 nm quasi-QML pulses could result in the increase of the SHG conversion efficiency in a MgO:PPLN, compared to the use of continuous mode-locked (ML) pulses. For our particular experimental configuration, we could readily achieve a noticeable SHG efficiency increase of 8% by using quasi-QML pulses with a subharmonic order of 80, compared to continuous ML pulses.