Experimental Study on Oil-Gas Interaction Mechanism during Offshore Heavy Oil Gas Injection.

Offshore heavy oil injection gas extraction is a highly scrutinized area in today's petroleum industry. However, the interaction mechanisms between oil and gas are not clear. To elucidate these mechanisms, an indoor experimental setup was established for research purposes. The effects of different types of gases on heavy oil expansion, mass transfer mechanisms between gas and heavy oil, the influence of gas injection on heavy oil phase behavior, and the testing of minimum miscibility pressures are investigated in this study. The results indicate that CO2 yields the best reduction in the heavy oil viscosity. Both forward and backward multiple contact mass transfer processes demonstrate nonmiscible multiple contact dynamic displacement mechanisms involving CO2 dissolution and condensation, as well as C1 extraction and coextraction. Nonmiscible multiple contact dynamic displacement of natural gas primarily involves limited dissolution and condensation of light hydrocarbon components and intermediate hydrocarbon components, with an extremely weak extraction effect. The minimum miscibility pressures are in the order of CO2 < natural gas < N2. This research provides important experimental evidence and theoretical guidance for further improving offshore heavy oil injection gas technology and practice.

Origins of Diastereoselectivity in the Addition of Enoxysilanes to Vinyl Diazonium Salts.

The addition of enoxysilanes to vinyl diazonium ions occurs with varying levels of diastereoselectivity. To understand the origins of the stereoselectivity, we studied these transformations using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The selectivity stems from a stabilizing cation-π interaction that orients the nucleophile and the diazonium ion.

Analytical model for the mitigation of VOC vapor with horizontal permeable reactive barrier in the contaminated site considering non-uniform source.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contamination at the groundwater may cause vapor intrusion and pose significant threats to human health. As a novel low-carbon mitigation technology, a horizontal permeable reactive barrier (HPRB) is proposed to remove the VOC vapor in the vadose zone and mitigate the vapor intrusion risk. To estimate the performance of HPRB in the contaminated site with a non-uniform source, a transient two-dimensional analytical model is developed in this study to simulate the VOC vapor migration and oxidation processes in the layered soil. The analytical model is verified against the experimental results and numerical simulation first and the parameter study is then conducted. The HPRB has good performance for the contaminated sites involving factors including deep source and local soil with low effective diffusivity. To consider the vertical heterogeneity of the local soil, the traditional equivalent homogeneity method has limitations in considering the horizontal migration of VOC vapor and is not suitable for the two-dimensional model. On the contrary, the artificial layered method based on the proposed analytical model has better accuracy and is recommended to be adopted in practice. Leading to the exponential decrease in the VOC vapor concentration at the ground surface, increasing the thickness of HPRB is an effective measure to enhance the performance of HPRB. The fitting exponential function can be applied to determine the minimum design value of the thickness of HPRB in practice.

Zirconaaziridine-Mediated Ni-Catalyzed Diastereoselective C(sp2)-Glycosylation.

In the realm of organic synthesis, the catalytic and stereoselective formation of C-glycosidic bonds is a pivotal process, bridging carbohydrates with aglycones. However, the inherent chirality of the saccharide scaffold often has a substantial impact on the stereoinduction imposed by a chiral ligand. In this study, we have established an unprecedented zirconaaziridine-mediated asymmetric nickel catalysis, enabling the diastereoselective coupling of bench-stable glycosyl phosphates with a range of (hetero)aromatic and glycal iodides as feasible coupling electrophiles. Our developed method showcases a broad scope and a high tolerance for various functional groups. More importantly, precise stereocontrol toward both anomeric configurations of forming C(sp2)-glycosides can be realized by simply utilizing the popular chiral bioxazoline (biOx) ligands in this reductive Ni catalysis. Regarding the operating mechanism, both experimental and computational studies support the occurrence of a redox transmetalation process, leading to the formation of a transient, bimetallic Ni-Zr species that acts as a potent and efficient single-electron reductant in the catalytic process.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Hydroboration of Acyclic Tetrasubstituted Alkenes Directed by an Amide.

Although progress has been made in enantioselective hydroboration of di- and trisubstituted alkenes over the past decades, enantioselective hydroboration of tetrasubstituted alkenes with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities continues as an unmet challenge since the 1950s due to its extremely low reactivity and the difficulties to simultaneously control the regio- and stereoselectivity of a tetrasubstituted alkene. Here, we report highly regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective catalytic hydroboration of diverse acyclic tetrasubstituted alkenes. The delicate interplay of an electron-rich rhodium complex and coordination-assistance forms a highly adaptive catalyst that effectively overcomes the low reactivity and controls the stereoselectivity. The generality of the catalyst system is exemplified by its efficacy across various tetrasubstituted alkenes with diverse steric and electronic properties.

Iron-Catalyzed Asymmetric Imidation of Sulfides via Sterically Biased Nitrene Transfer.

Transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective nitrene transfer to sulfides has emerged as one of the most powerful strategies for rapid construction of enantioenriched sulfimides. However, achieving stereocontrol over highly active earth-abundant transition-metal nitrenoid intermediates remains a formidable challenge compared with precious metals. Herein, we disclose a chiral iron(II)/N,N'-dioxide-catalyzed enantioselective imidation of dialkyl and alkyl aryl sulfides using iminoiodinanes as nitrene precursors. A series of chiral sulfimides were obtained in moderate-to-good yields with high enantioselectivities (56 examples, up to 99% yield, 98:2 e.r.). The utility of this methodology was demonstrated by late-stage modification of complex molecules and synthesis of the chiral insecticide sulfoxaflor and the intermediates of related bioactive compounds. Based on experimental studies and theoretical calculations, a water-bonded high-spin iron nitrenoid species was identified as the key intermediate. The observed stereoselectivity was original from the steric repulsion between the amide unit of the ligand in the chiral cave and the bulky substituent of sulfides. Additionally, dioxazolones proved to be suitable acylnitrene precursors in the presence of an iron(III)/N,N'-dioxide complex, resulting in the formation of enantioselectivity-reversed sulfimides (14 examples, up to 81% yield, 97:3 e.r.).

USP47 deficiency in mice modulates tumor infiltrating immune cells and enhances antitumor immune responses in prostate cancer.

This study investigates the role of USP47, a deubiquitinating enzyme, in the tumor microenvironment and its impact on antitumor immune responses. Analysis of TCGA database revealed distinct expression patterns of USP47 in various tumor tissues and normal tissues. Prostate adenocarcinoma showed significant downregulation of USP47 compared to normal tissue. Correlation analysis demonstrated a positive association between USP47 expression levels and infiltrating CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, while showing a negative correlation with NKT cells. Furthermore, using Usp47 knockout mice, we observed a slower tumor growth rate and reduced tumor burden. The absence of USP47 led to increased infiltration of immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, NKT cells, and T cells. Additionally, USP47 deficiency resulted in enhanced activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and altered T cell subsets within the tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that USP47 plays a critical role in modulating the tumor microenvironment and promoting antitumor immune responses, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer.

Risk factors of moderate to severe post-thrombotic syndrome within 2 years in patients with subacute thrombosis: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to study the risk factors influencing the occurrence of moderate to severe post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) within 2 years in patients with subacute lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). METHODS: Seventy patients who developed moderate to severe PTS within 2 years after subacute lower extremity DVT from June 2018 to June 2022 were retrospectively selected as the case group. They were matched 1:1 by sex and age (±5 years) with 70 patients who did not develop moderate to severe PTS during the same follow-up period as the control group. Multiple logistic regression, stratified analysis, and interaction analyses were used to explore the risk factors for moderate to severe PTS. RESULTS: The multiple logistic regression model showed that patients with iliofemoral vein thrombosis had a significantly increased risk of developing moderate to severe PTS within 2 years. Patients who underwent intraluminal intervention treatment during hospitalization had a significantly reduced risk. The odds ratios were 4.000 (95% confidence interval, 1.597-10.016) for the femoral-popliteal vein thrombosis and 0.262 (95% confidence interval, 0.106-0.647) for the anticoagulation treatment group. The stratified analysis showed that intraluminal intervention treatment was a protective factor against moderate to severe PTS within 2 years across different strata of hypertension, thrombus type, body mass index, duration of anticoagulation, and wearing compression stockings. Additionally, there was an interaction between thrombus type and treatment method, with intraluminal intervention treatment having a more pronounced effect on preventing moderate to severe PTS in patients with iliofemoral vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Iliofemoral vein thrombosis is a risk factor for the development of moderate to severe PTS within 2 years in patients with subacute lower extremity DVT. Intraluminal intervention treatment can reduce the risk of moderate to severe PTS, especially in patients with iliofemoral vein thrombosis.

First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province.

Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia spp., mainly affecting immunocompromised hosts. Nocardia infection is not common; especially Nocardia wallacei infection is even rarer. The patient, female, 61 years old, farmer, has been working in the field for a long time and has normal immune function. Her main clinical manifestation was persistent back pain. Chest-enhanced computed tomography showed pulmonary inflammation. Rare pathogen Nocardia wallacei was detected in alveolar lavage fluid using matrix-assisted laser destructive ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. She received treatment with linezolid and was discharged after her condition improved.

The Safety and Efficacy of ZelanteDVT™ Catheter Rheolytic Thrombectomy in the Treatment of Patients with Iliac Vein Stent Thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: To examine the safety and efficacy of ZelanteDVT™ catheter rheolytic thrombectomy in the treatment of patients with iliac vein stent thrombosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis method was conducted by means of collecting the data of 32 patients who had completed the treatment of iliac vein stent thrombosis with ZelanteDVT catheter rheolytic thrombectomy from March 2019 to March 2023. Data on clinical characteristics, technical success, clinical success, complications, and early follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS: The technical success rates were 100%, intraoperatively, in which 22 cases were improved to thrombus clearance Grade II (50-90%), 10 were Grade III (>90%). There were 21 cases treated with subsequent catheter-directed thrombolysis, and the average urokinase administration of (120.90 ± 29.63)∗10ˆ4 units. The clinical success rates were 100% and the swelling of the affected limbs were significantly improved, a significant difference in the pre/postoperative between-thigh circumference difference [(5.16 ± 1.08) vs. (1.75 ± 0.84), P < 0.000]. The pre/postoperative Venous Clinical Severity Score was [(12.94 ± 1.70) vs. (7.44 ± 1.31), P < 0.000]. No serious complications occurred during the perioperative period. The postoperative and 12-month stent patency rate was 100.00% (32/32) and 71.88% (23/32), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The ZelanteDVT catheter rheolytic thrombectomy seems to have a promising application prospect for the treatment of patients with iliac vein stent thrombosis.

Trends in breast cancer mortality attributable to metabolic risks in Chinese women from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis.

Objective: Metabolic risks (MRs) are the primary determinants of breast cancer (BC) mortality among women. This study aimed to examine the changing trends in BC mortality associated with MRs and explore how they related to age, time period, and birth cohorts in Chinese women aged 25 and above. Methods: Data were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD2019). The BC mortality trajectories and patterns attributable to MRs were assessed using Joinpoint regression. The age-period-cohort (APC) model was employed to evaluate cohort and time period effects. Results: The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of BC mortality linked to MRs displayed an escalating trend from 1990 to 2019, demonstrating an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 1.79% (95% CI: 1.69~1.87). AAPCs attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) and high body mass index (HBMI) were 0.41% (95% CI: 0.32~0.53) and 2.75% (95% CI: 2.68~2.82), respectively. APC analysis revealed that BC mortality due to HBMI in women aged 50 and above showed a rise with age and mortality associated with HFPG consistently demonstrated a positive correlation with age. The impact of HBMI on BC mortality significantly outweighed that of HFPG. The risk of BC mortality linked to HBMI has steadily increased since 2005, while HFPG demonstrated a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease in the period effect. Regarding the cohort effect, the relative risk of mortality was greater in the birth cohort of women after the 1960s of MRs on BC mortality, whereas those born after 1980 displayed a slight decline in the relative risk (RR) associated with BC mortality due to HBMI. Conclusion: This study suggests that middle-aged and elderly women should be considered as a priority population, and control of HBMI and HFPG should be used as a primary tool to control metabolic risk factors and effectively reduce BC mortality.

Establishment and Verification of an Artificial Intelligence Prediction Model for Children With Sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of high-risk groups of children with sepsis is beneficial to reduce sepsis mortality. This article used artificial intelligence (AI) technology to predict the risk of death effectively and quickly in children with sepsis in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the PICUs of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from December 2016 to June 2019 and Shenzhen Children's Hospital from January 2019 to July 2020. The children were divided into a death group and a survival group. Different machine language (ML) models were used to predict the risk of death in children with sepsis. RESULTS: A total of 671 children with sepsis were enrolled. The accuracy (ACC) of the artificial neural network model was better than that of support vector machine, logical regression analysis, Bayesian, K nearest neighbor method and decision tree models, with a training set ACC of 0.99 and a test set ACC of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS: The AI model can be used to predict the risk of death due to sepsis in children in the PICU, and the artificial neural network model is better than other AI models in predicting mortality risk.

Correlation between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and hypertension risk: evidence from a cross-sectional study with 60,283 adults in eastern China.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) and obesity are established risk factors for hypertension, with triglyceride-glucose (TyG) serving as a recognized surrogate marker for IR. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between TyG-BMI and hypertension in the general population. METHODS: A total of 60,283 adults aged ≥18 years who underwent face-to-face questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory examination were included in this study. Multivariable logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were used to determine the association between TyG-BMI and hypertension. The restricted cubic spline model was used for the dose-response analysis. RESULTS: After fully adjusting for confounding variables, multivariate logistic regression model showed a stable positive association between TyG-BMI and hypertension (OR: 1.61 per SD increase; 95% CI: 1.55-1.67; P-trend < 0.001). The multivariate adjusted OR and 95% CI for the highest TyG-BMI quartile compared with the lowest quartile were 2.52 (95% CI 2.28-2.78). Dose-response analysis using restricted cubic spline confirmed that the association between TyG-BMI index and hypertension was linear. Subgroup analyses showed that stronger associations between TyG-BMI index and hypertension were detected in young and middle-aged individuals (P for interaction < 0.05). ROC analysis showed that TyG-BMI index could better predict the risk of hypertension than other parameters (TyG-BMI cut-off value: 207.105, AUC: 0.719, sensitivity 65.5%, specificity 66.8%), particularly among young and middle-aged people. CONCLUSION: The TyG-BMI index was independently associated with hypertension in the study population. Further studies are required to confirm this relationship.

Divergent Synthesis of Scabrolide A and Havellockate via an exo-exo-endo Radical Cascade.

Here we report a concise and divergent synthesis of scabrolide A and havellockate, representative members of polycyclic marine natural product furano(nor)cembranoids. The synthesis features a highly efficient exo-exo-endo radical cascade. Through the generation of two rings, three C-C bonds, and three contiguous stereocenters in one step, this remarkable transformation not only assembles the bowl-shaped, common 6-5-5 fused ring system from simple building blocks but also precisely installs the functionalities at desired positions and sets the stage for further divergent preparation of both target molecules. Further studies reveal that the robust and unusual 6-endo radical addition in the cascade is likely facilitated by the rigidity of the substrate.

Related Factors Mining of Diabetes Complications Based on Manifold-Constrained Multi-Label Feature Selection.

The primary cause of mortality among individuals with diabetes stems from complications. Identifying related factors for these complications holds immense potential for early prevention. Previous research predominantly employed traditional machine-learning techniques to establish prediction models utilizing medical indicators for related factor selection. However, uncovering the intricate correlations among complication labels and identifying similar characteristics among medical indicators has been challenging. We propose a novel embedded multi-label feature selection approach called LCFSM(Label Cosine and Feature Similar Manifold) to address the issue. LCFSM introduces manifold constraints into the objective function to uncover risk factors associated with diabetes complications. Label cosine similarity is set to optimize feature weights, forming label manifold constraints. Similarly, feature manifold constraints are established to utilize feature kernel similarity in optimizing feature weights. LCFSM formulates an objective function based on the l2,1 regularized Least Squares and previous manifolds constraints, employing the Sylvester equation for convergence assurance. The experimental evaluation compares LCFSM against eight baselines, demonstrating superior performance in top-10 feature selection and feature stacking.LCFSM is applied to identify primary risk factors for diabetes complications. Related factors involve Electromyogram, Urine Routine Protein Positive, etc, offering valuable insights for early treatment.

Blockade of the ADAM8-Fra-1 complex attenuates neuroinflammation by suppressing the Map3k4/MAPKs axis after spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical spinal cord injury (SCI) is a deteriorative neurological disorder, causing secondary neuroinflammation and neuropathy. ADAM8 is thought to be an extracellular metalloproteinase, which regulates proteolysis and cell adherence, but whether its intracellular region is involved in regulating neuroinflammation in microglia after SCI is unclear. METHODS: Using animal tissue RNA-Seq and clinical blood sample examinations, we found that a specific up-regulation of ADAM8 in microglia was associated with inflammation after SCI. In vitro, microglia stimulated by HMGB1, the tail region of ADAM8, promoted microglial inflammation, migration and proliferation by directly interacting with ERKs and Fra-1 to promote activation, then further activated Map3k4/JNKs/p38. Using SCI mice, we used BK-1361, a specific inhibitor of ADAM8, to treat these mice. RESULTS: The results showed that administration of BK-1361 attenuated the level of neuroinflammation and reduced microglial activation and recruitment by inhibiting the ADAM8/Fra-1 axis. Furthermore, treatment with BK-1361 alleviated glial scar formation, and also preserved myelin and axonal structures. The locomotor recovery of SCI mice treated with BK-1361 was therefore better than those without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the results showed that ADAM8 was a critical molecule, which positively regulated neuroinflammatory development and secondary pathogenesis by promoting microglial activation and migration. Mechanically, ADAM8 formed a complex with ERK and Fra-1 to further activate the Map3k4/JNK/p38 axis in microglia. Inhibition of ADAM8 by treatment with BK-1361 decreased the levels of neuroinflammation, glial formation, and neurohistological loss, leading to favorable improvement in locomotor functional recovery in SCI mice.

The selective sponging of miRNAs by OIP5-AS1 regulates metabolic reprogramming of pyruvate in adenoma-carcinoma transition of human colorectal cancer.

RNA interactomes and their diversified functionalities have recently benefited from critical methodological advances leading to a paradigm shift from a conventional conception on the regulatory roles of RNA in pathogenesis. However, the dynamic RNA interactomes in adenoma-carcinoma sequence of human CRC remain unexplored. The coexistence of adenoma, cancer, and normal tissues in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients provides an appropriate model to address this issue. Here, we adopted an RNA in situ conformation sequencing technology for mapping RNA-RNA interactions in CRC patients. We observed large-scale paired RNA counts and identified some unique RNA complexes including multiple partners RNAs, single partner RNAs, non-overlapping single partner RNAs. We focused on the antisense RNA OIP5-AS1 and found that OIP5-AS1 could sponge different miRNA to regulate the production of metabolites including pyruvate, alanine and lactic acid. Our findings provide novel perspectives in CRC pathogenesis and suggest metabolic reprogramming of pyruvate for the early diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Illicium verum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion on Fusarium proliferatum via Combined Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis.

Fusarium proliferatum is the main pathogen that causes Panax notoginseng root rot. The shortcomings of strong volatility and poor water solubility of Illicium verum essential oil (EO) limit its utilization. In this study, we prepared traditional emulsion (BDT) and nanoemulsion (Bneo) of I. verum EO by ultrasonic method with Tween-80 and absolute ethanol as solvents. The chemical components of EO, BDT, and Bneo were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the antifungal activity and mechanism were compared. The results show that Bneo has good stability and its particle size is 34.86 nm. The contents of (-) -anethole and estragole in Bneo were significantly higher than those in BDT. The antifungal activity against F. proliferatum was 5.8-fold higher than BDT. In the presence of I. verum EO, the occurrence of P. notoginseng root rot was significantly reduced. By combining transcriptome and metabolomics analysis, I. verum EO was found to be involved in the mutual transformation of pentose and glucuronic acid, galactose metabolism, streptomycin biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and other metabolic pathways of F. proliferatum, and it interfered with the normal growth of F. proliferatum to exert antifungal effects. This study provide a theoretical basis for expanding the practical application of Bneo.

A novel glycoglycerolipid from Holotrichia diomphalia Bates: Structure characteristics and protective effect against DNA damage.

A lipidated polysaccharide, HDPS-2II, was isolated from the dried larva of Holotrichia diomphalia, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular weight of HDPS-2II was 5.9 kDa, which contained a polysaccharide backbone of →4)-ß-Manp-(1 â†’ 4,6)-ß-Manp-(1 â†’ [6)-α-Glcp-(1]n â†’ 6)-α-Glcp→ with the side chain α-Glcp-(6 â†’ 1)-α-Glcp-(6 â†’ linked to the C-4 of ß-1,4,6-Manp and four types of lipid chains including 4-(4-methyl-2-(methylamino)pentanamido)pentanoic acid, 5-(3-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)hexan-2-ol, N-(3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)palmitamide, and N-(5-amino-3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)stearamide. The lipid chains were linked to C-1 of terminal α-1,6-Glcp in carbohydrate chain through diacyl-glycerol. HDPS-2II exhibited DNA protective effects and antioxidative activity on H2O2- or adriamycin (ADM)-induced Chinese hamster lung cells. Furthermore, HDPS-2II significantly ameliorated chromosome aberrations and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced γ-H2AX signaling and the expressions of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, P22phox, and P47phox in ADM-induced cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, HDPS-2II suppressed ADM-induced up-regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 in cardiomyocytes, but not in NOX2 or NOX4 knocked-down cardiomyocytes, indicating that HDPS-2II could relieve intracellular DNA damage by regulating NOX2/NOX4 signaling. These findings demonstrate that HDPS-2II is a new potential DNA protective agent.

[Rules of prescriptions for heart failure of dilated cardiomyopathy based on latent structure model and association rules].

The latent structure model and association rules analysis were employed to explore the compatibility rules of prescriptions for heart failure of dilated cardiomyopathy, with a view to providing theoretical support for the clinical treatment of this disease based on syndrome differentiation and the formulation of guidelines. The articles about the treatment of heart failure of dilated cardiomyopathy were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed. The database was established in Microsoft Excel 2019. Lantern 5.0 and Rstudio were used to analyze the latent structure and association rules of Chinese medicine with the frequency greater than 4.00%. Furthermore, the frequency structure model was used to mine the rules of prescriptions for heart failure of dilated cardiomyopathy. The study included 175 traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prescriptions, involving 128 Chinese medicines, with the cumulative frequency of 1 847. High-frequency medicines included Astragali Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Cinnamomi Ramulus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, with the main effects of tonifying, activating blood, resolving stasis, and releasing exterior. A total of 17 hidden variables, 34 hidden categories, and 6 comprehensive cluster models, along with 15 core prescriptions, were obtained. According to the prescriptions, the patients mainly had the syndromes of heart-Yang and Qi deficiency, Qi deficiency and blood stasis, heart-kidney Yang deficiency or Qi-Yin deficiency. Fifty-four strong association rules were obtained through association rule analysis. The highest degree of support was observed for the combination of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Astragali Radix, while the highest degree of confidence was found for the combination of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Cinnamomi Ramulus-Ophiopogonis Radix-Astragali Radix. The heart failure of dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by internal deficiency and excess manifestations, is attributed to deficiency, stasis, and water. These factors are closely associated with the heart, lung, and spleen. The treatment should follow the principle of invigorating Qi and warming Yang, and meanwhile the method of activating blood and resolve stasis or moving Qi and promoting urination can be adopted according to the specific syndrome of patients.