RESUMO
This study developed a method of in-school intervention that dramatically reduced the suspension rate and violence in elementary schools. It suggests that children who were not read to by their parents often become bullies and/or victims of bullies. Other parental practices, including inconsistent discipline in the home, also may be contributing factors.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Pais/psicologia , Adolescente , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Relações Pais-Filho , Instituições Acadêmicas , Suicídio/psicologiaRESUMO
This study tested the hypothesis that commonly reported negative effects of sugar on children's behavior may be due to parental expectancies. A challenge study design was employed, in which thirty-five 5- to 7-year-old boys reported by their mothers to be behaviorally "sugar sensitive," and their mothers, were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, mothers were told their children had received a large dose of sugar, whereas in the control condition mothers were told their sons received a placebo; all children actually received the placebo (aspartame). Mothers and sons were videotaped while interacting together and each mother was then questioned about the interaction. Mothers in the sugar expectancy condition rated their children as significantly more hyperactive. Behavioral observations revealed these mothers exercised more control by maintaining physical closeness, as well as showing trends to criticize, look at, and talk to their sons more than did control mothers. For several variables, the expectancy effect was stronger for cognitively rigid mothers.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/induzido quimicamente , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Relações Mãe-Filho , Mães/psicologia , Enquadramento Psicológico , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Cognição , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Personalidade , Placebos , Gravação de VideoteipeRESUMO
The stigmatizing effects of negative expectancies were examined in observations of interactions between children with and without a behavior problem. Ss were 68 pairs of unacquainted boys in Grades 3-6. In each dyad, a normal boy was either told that his partner had a behavior problem or given no expectancy; this expectancy manipulation was crossed with the partner's actual diagnostic status with respect to hyperactivity. The perceivers' expectancy that their partner had a behavior problem as well as the actual diagnostic status of the target adversely affected the boys' interactions. Behavioral data suggest how the expectancies were communicated to the target. The processes underlying interpersonal expectancy effects and the ways in which a childhood stigma can act as a self-fulfilling prophecy are discussed.