The effects of time course after anterior cruciate ligament injury in correlation with meniscal and cartilage loss.

In this study, 130 consecutive patients with anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency who were undergoing ligament reconstruction underwent arthroscopic examination at the time of reconstruction, and any loss of meniscal or chondral integrity was documented in a systematic fashion. In these patients, a greater proportion of the medial meniscus was lost compared with the lateral meniscus (16% versus 5%). On average, 6 cm2 of the articular cartilage was damaged (5.2 cm2) or lost (0.8 cm2), with the area of damage and loss greatest on the medial femoral condyle. Patients whose injuries had occurred more than 2 years before the examination had more than sixfold greater cartilage loss and damage compared with those whose injuries had occurred within the past 2 months. Meniscal loss was associated with a threefold increase in cartilage damage or loss. The group of patients with meniscal loss whose initial anterior cruciate ligament injury occurred more than 2 years before examination exhibited 18 times the amount of cartilage loss or damage as did the group that had no meniscal loss and whose injury occurred less than 1 month before examination.

[Resupinate basidiomycetes from Costa Rica. New or rare species of Atractiellales (Auriculariales s.l.), Exidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae y Tremellaceae]. / Basidiomicetos resupinados de Costa Rica. Especies nuevas o raras de Atractiellales (Auriculariales s.l.), Exidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae y Tremellaceae.

Species of Atractiellales (Auriculariaceae s.l.), Exidaceae, Sirobasidaceae and Tremellaceae are reported as new for Costa Rica or as new to science, Tremella coalescens L.S. Olive, Sirobasidium minutum Kisim., Oberw. & Gómez sp. nov., Heterochaete vitrea Kisim., Oberw. & Gómez sp. nov., Exidiopsis mucedinea (Pat.) K. Wells, Helicogloea aurea Baker, Saccoblastia sphaerospora Möller and Occultifur internus (L.S. Olive) Oberw. All the new species are described and illustrated. Since the original material collected in Brazil by Möller is lost, a neotype for Saccoblastia sphaerospora Möller is proposed. This Costa Rican collection represents the first record since the discovery of the species in 1891. Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk is reported for the first time from Costa Rica as the fungal host of Occultifur internus.

[Resupinate basidiomycetes from Costa Rica. Myxariaceae s. Jülich, Sebacinaceae Wells & Oberw., and Tremellodendropsidaceae Jülich]. / Basidiomicetos resupinados de Costa Rica. Myxariaceae s. Jülich, Sebacinaceae Wells & Oberw., y Tremellodendropsidaceae Jülich.

Thirteen representatives of Myxariaceae sensu Jülich: Heterochaetella brachyspora (Bourdot & Galzin) Luck-Allen, Myxarium atratum (Peck) Ginns & Lefebvre, M. granulum Hauersl., M. laccatum (Bourdot & Galzin) Reid, M. mesomorphum (Bourdot & Galzin) Haursl., M. mesonucleatum Kisim., Oberw. & L.D. Gómez nov. sp., M. subsphaerosporum Kisim., Oberw. & L.D. Gómez nov. sp., Protodontia subgelatinosa (Karst.) Pilát; Pseudohydum gelatinosum (Fr.) P. Karst., P. gelatinosum var. paucidentata Lowy; one species of Sebacinaceae, Efibulobasidium albescens (Sacc. & Malbr.) K. Wells; and the Tremellodrendropisidaceae Tremellodendropsis flagelliformis (Berk.) Crawford var.ovalispora Crawford, are reported or described from Costa Rica. The corticioid Cystidiodontia artocreas (Berk & Curt. ex Cooke) Hjortstam is also reported from Costa Rica.

Cystofilobasidium: a new genus in the filobasidiaceae.

Description is provided of a new heterobasidiomycetous genus, Cystofilobasidium, based on Rhodosporidium capitatum. The genus is characterized by teliospores which give rise to filobasidiaceous basidia, sessile primary basidiospores which remain attached to the basidium, and a yeast phase developing from buds produced by the primary spores. Two species formerly placed in Rhodosporidium are transferred to Cystofilobasidium; these are C. bisporidiis (Fell, Hunter and Tallman) Oberw. and Bandoni comb, nov., and C. capitatum (Fell, Hunter and Tallman) Oberw. and Bandoni, comb. nov.

Stapedial reflex and anxiety in fluent and disfluent speakers.

Stapedial reflex thresholds were obtained from fluent and disfluent subjects with and without anxiety. Anxiety conditions were measured by monitoring palmar skin resistance with a psychogalvanometer. Eight of nine disfluent speakers had decreased mean stapedial-reflex thresholds ( -2.5 to -10 dB) at 500 or 1000 Hz or both when anxiety was present. This phenomenon did not occur in the fluent group. Only two of the nine fluent subjects showed reflex change with anxiety and the mean reflex change was shown in an increase of +2.5 dB. The disfluent group's mean stapedial reflex was significantly different with and without anxiety status (a = 0.01). Mean reflex for the fluent group did not change with anxiety.