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1.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32998629

RESUMO

The results of neuropsychological tests may be distorted by patients who exaggerate cognitive deficits. Eighty-three patients with cognitive deficit [Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), n = 53; Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, n = 30], 44 healthy older adults (HA), and 30 simulators of AD (s-AD) underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed high specificity but low sensitivity of the Delayed Matching to Sample Task (DMS48) in differentiating s-AD from AD dementia (87 and 53%, respectively) and from aMCI (96 and 57%). The sensitivity was considerably increased by using the DMS48/Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) ratio (specificity and sensitivity 93% and 93% for AD dementia and 96% and 80% for aMCI). The DMS48 differentiates s-AD from both aMCI and AD dementia with high specificity but low sensitivity. Its predictive value greatly increased when evaluated together with the RAVLT.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Transtornos Cognitivos , Disfunção Cognitiva , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Humanos , Simulação de Doença/diagnóstico , Testes Neuropsicológicos
2.
Eur J Neurol ; 27(6): 928-943, 2020 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32056347

RESUMO

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by high heterogeneity in disease manifestation, progression and risk factors. High phenotypic variability is currently regarded as one of the largest hurdles in early diagnosis and in the design of clinical trials; there is therefore great interest in identifying factors driving variability that can be used for patient stratification. In addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, the individual's sex and gender are emerging as crucial drivers of phenotypic variability. Evidence exists on sex and gender differences in the rate of cognitive deterioration and brain atrophy, and in the effect of risk factors as well as in the patterns of diagnostic biomarkers. Such evidence might be of high relevance and requires attention in clinical practice and clinical trials. However, sex and gender differences are currently seldom appreciated; importantly, consideration of sex and gender differences is not currently a focus in the design and analysis of clinical trials for AD. The objective of this position paper is (i) to provide an overview of known sex and gender differences that might have implications for clinical practice, (ii) to identify the most important knowledge gaps in the field (with a special regard to clinical trials) and (iii) to provide conclusions for future studies. This scientific statement is endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Transtornos Cognitivos , Cognição , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Biomarcadores , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Humanos , Neurologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Proteínas tau
3.
Physiol Res ; 66(6): 1049-1056, 2017 12 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28937243

RESUMO

Increased oxidative stress in the brain during the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to an imbalance of antioxidants and formation of free radical reaction end-products which may be detected in blood as fluorescent lipofuscin-like pigments (LFPs). The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare LFPs with plasma selenium concentrations representing an integral part of the antioxidant system. Plasma samples from subjects with AD dementia (ADD; n=11), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n=17) and controls (n=12), were collected. The concentration of selenium was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. LFPs were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy and quantified for different fluorescent maxima and then correlated with plasma selenium. Lower levels of selenium were detected in MCI and ADD patients than in controls (P=0.003 and P=0.049, respectively). Additionally, higher fluorescence intensities of LFPs were observed in MCI patients than in controls in four fluorescence maxima and higher fluorescence intensities were also observed in MCI patients than in ADD patients in three fluorescence maxima, respectively. A negative correlation between selenium concentrations and LFPs fluorescence was observed in the three fluorescence maxima. This is the first study focused on correlation of plasma selenium with specific lipofuscin-like products of oxidative stress in plasma of patients with Alzheimer´s disease and mild cognitive impairment.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/sangue , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Lipofuscina/sangue , Estresse Oxidativo , Selênio/sangue , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Espectrofotometria Atômica
4.
Behav Brain Res ; 307: 150-8, 2016 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27038766

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Path integration (PI) is an important component of spatial navigation that integrates self-motion cues to allow the subject to return to a starting point. PI depends on the structures affected early in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as the medial temporal lobe and the parietal cortex. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether PI is impaired in patients with mild AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and to investigate the role of the hippocampus, entorhinal and inferior parietal cortex in this association. METHODS: 27 patients with aMCI, 14 with mild AD and 18 controls completed eight trials of Arena Path Integration Task. The task required subjects with a mask covering their eyes to follow an enclosed triangle pathway through two previously seen places: start-place1-place2-start. Brains were scanned at 1.5T MRI and respective volumes and thicknesses were derived using FreeSurfer algorithm. RESULTS: Controlling for age, education, gender and Mini-Mental State Examination score the aMCI and AD subjects were impaired in PI accuracy on the pathway endpoint (p=0.042 and p=0.013) compared to controls. Hippocampal volume and thickness of entorhinal and parietal cortices explained separately 36-45% of the differences in PI accuracy between controls and aMCI and 28-31% of the differences between controls and AD subjects. CONCLUSIONS: PI is affected in aMCI and AD, possibly as a function of neurodegeneration in the medial temporal lobe structures and the parietal cortex. PI assessment (as a part of spatial navigation testing) may be useful for identification of patients with incipient AD.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Disfunção Cognitiva/complicações , Transtornos da Percepção/etiologia , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Transtornos da Percepção/diagnóstico por imagem
5.
Eur J Neurol ; 22(6): 889-98, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25808982

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have indicated clinical benefits of a combination of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) and memantine over ChEI monotherapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our objective was the development of guidelines on the question of whether combined ChEI/memantine treatment rather than ChEI alone should be used in patients with moderate to severe AD to improve global clinical impression (GCI), cognition, behaviour and activities of daily living (ADL). METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials based on a literature search in ALOIS, the register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group, was carried out with subsequent guideline development according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. RESULTS: Pooled data from four trials including 1549 AD patients in the moderate to severe disease stage demonstrated significant beneficial effects of combination therapy compared to ChEI monotherapy for GCI [standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.31; -0.09], cognitive functioning (SMD -0.27, 95% CI -0.37; -0.17) and behaviour (SMD -0.19; 95% CI -0.31; -0.07). The quality of evidence was high for behaviour, moderate for cognitive function and GCI and low for ADL. Agreement of panellists was reached after the second round of the consensus finding procedure. The desirable effects of combined ChEI and memantine treatment were considered to outweigh undesirable effects. The evidence was weak for cognition, GCI and ADL so that the general recommendation for using combination therapy was weak. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the use of a combination of ChEI plus memantine rather than ChEI alone in patients with moderate to severe AD. The strength of this recommendation is weak.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/uso terapêutico , Memantina/uso terapêutico , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Humanos
6.
J Prev Alzheimers Dis ; 2(2): 103-114, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29231230

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this clinical trial was to assess the clinical activity of various doses and formulations of AFFITOPE® AD02 following its repeated s.c. administration to patients with early Alzheimer´s disease (AD), based on the evaluation of cognitive and functional domains. DESIGN: It was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, double blind, multicenter phase II trial with 10 regular outpatient visits and 6 telephone interviews. SETTING: The trial was performed at 32 sites in six countries. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 332 patients were enrolled and 265 patients completed the trial in 3 treatment groups with AD02 and 2 control groups with aluminum oxihydroxide, here named IMM-AD04. Patients were randomly assigned to 5 groups: two doses of IMM-AD04, 25µg AD02 (in two different formulations) and 75µg AD02. INTERVENTION: At months 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 and 15, each patient received a single s.c. injection of the corresponding preparations of AFFITOPE® AD02 or the control, IMM-AD04. MEASUREMENTS: Co-primary efficacy outcomes included a measure of cognition (adapted AD Assessment Scale cognitive [aADAS cog]), and a measure of function (adapted AD Cooperative Trial Activities of Daily Living [aADCS-ADL]). A primary composite score was the sum of these two scores. RESULTS: Treatments were generally well tolerated and adverse events (AEs) were seen at similar rates across all treatment groups, with the exception that more injection site reactions were seen in the groups with a higher level of adjuvant. None of the AD02 groups showed a benefit over the IMM-AD04 controls for primary or exploratory efficacy outcomes. The control groups differed on aADCS-ADL and therefore couldn't be pooled (p=0.039). Unexpectedly, the 2mg IMM-AD04 showed statistically significant effects over the other groups on several clinical outcomes including: aADAS-cog, aADL, Composite, ADAS-cog, CDR-sb, and QOL-AD Caregiver as well as two biomarker outcomes: right and total hippocampal volume (all p<0.05). 48% of patients in the IMM-AD04 2mg group had no decline in the composite outcome over 18 months compared to 17%-31% in the other groups, which is consistent with historical placebo groups. CONCLUSION: No significant treatment effects were seen for the investigational compound AD02. However, the IMM-AD04 2mg group showed statistically significant effects over all other groups on several clinical outcomes as well as a slowing of decline on right hippocampal volume. The data support further development of IMM-AD04 as a disease modifying agent in line with EMA/FDA definitions.

7.
Neurodegener Dis ; 13(2-3): 192-6, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24192578

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Drug development for Alzheimer disease (AD) is challenged by the success in animal models tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) and the subsequent failures to meet primary outcome measures in phase II or III clinical trials in patients. The human variant of MWM (hMWM) enables us to examine allocentric and egocentric navigation as in the MWM. OBJECTIVE: It was the aim of this study to examine the utility of a computerized hMWM to assess the effects of donepezil in mild AD. METHODS: Donepezil 5 mg/day was started after initial hMWM testing in the treated group (n = 12), and after 28 days, the dose was increased to 10 mg/day. The performance after 3 months was compared to that of a non-treated group (n = 12). RESULTS: Donepezil stabilized or improved the spatial navigation performance after 3 months, especially in the allocentric delayed recall subtask (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The computerized hMWM has the potential to measure the effects of donepezil in mild AD. It is a sensitive cognitive outcome measure in AD clinical trials.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Indanos/uso terapêutico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Espacial/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Computadores , Donepezila , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto
8.
Eur J Neurol ; 19(9): 1159-79, 2012 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22891773

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The last version of the EFNS dementia guidelines is from 2007. In 2010, the revised guidelines for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were published. The current guidelines involve the revision of the dementia syndromes outside of AD, notably vascular cognitive impairment, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease dementia, Huntington's disease, prion diseases, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, limbic encephalitis and other toxic and metabolic disorders. The aim is to present a peer-reviewed evidence-based statement for the guidance of practice for clinical neurologists, geriatricians, psychiatrists and other specialist physicians responsible for the care of patients with dementing disorders. It represents a statement of minimum desirable standards for practice guidance. METHODS: The task force working group reviewed evidence from original research articles, meta-analyses and systematic reviews, published by June 2011. The evidence was classified (I, II, III, IV) and consensus recommendations graded (A, B, or C) according to the EFNS guidance. Where there was a lack of evidence, but clear consensus, good practice points were provided. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: New recommendations and good practice points are made for clinical diagnosis, blood tests, neuropsychology, neuroimaging, electroencephalography, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, genetic testing, disclosure of diagnosis, treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, legal issues, counselling and support for caregivers. All recommendations were revised as compared with the previous EFNS guidelines. The specialist neurologist together with primary care physicians play an important role in the assessment, interpretation and treatment of symptoms, disability and needs of dementia patients.


Assuntos
Demência , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Demência/diagnóstico , Demência/terapia , Demência Vascular/diagnóstico , Demência Vascular/terapia , Degeneração Lobar Frontotemporal/diagnóstico , Degeneração Lobar Frontotemporal/terapia , Humanos , Doença de Huntington/diagnóstico , Doença de Huntington/terapia , Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal/diagnóstico , Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal/terapia , Doença por Corpos de Lewy/diagnóstico , Doença por Corpos de Lewy/terapia , Encefalite Límbica/diagnóstico , Encefalite Límbica/terapia , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Doença de Parkinson/terapia , Afasia Primária Progressiva não Fluente/diagnóstico , Afasia Primária Progressiva não Fluente/terapia , Doenças Priônicas/diagnóstico , Doenças Priônicas/terapia , Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva/diagnóstico , Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva/terapia
9.
Neurodegener Dis ; 10(1-4): 153-7, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22205134

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Spatial navigation performance in the Hidden Goal Task (HGT), a real-space human analogue of the Morris Water Maze, can identify amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients with memory impairment of the hippocampal type, a known indicator of incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: Contrast results from computer versus real-space versions of the HGT. METHODS: A total of 42 aMCI patients were clinically and neuropsychologically classified into: (1) memory impairment of the hippocampal type--the hippocampal aMCI (HaMCI; n = 10) and (2) isolated retrieval impairment--the nonhippocampal aMCI (NHaMCI; n = 32). Results were compared to the control (n = 28) and AD (n = 21) groups. RESULTS: The HaMCI group, although similar to the NHaMCI group with respect to overall cognitive impairment, performed poorer on the computer version of the HGT and yielded parallel results to the real-space version. The two versions were strongly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Both versions of the HGT can reliably identify aMCI with pronounced memory impairment of the hippocampal type. The computer version of the HGT may be a useful, relatively inexpensive screening tool for early detection of individuals at a high risk of AD.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico por Computador/métodos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Transtornos Cognitivos/complicações , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Análise de Regressão
10.
Physiol Behav ; 104(5): 929-33, 2011 Oct 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21683729

RESUMO

Knowledge concerning variation in chocolate eating behaviour amongst consumers, and the impact that differences in the physical properties of chocolate could have on such behaviour is limited. The eating behaviour of individuals, consuming two chocolate samples (A and B), of comparable melt viscosity but with different textural attributes, was investigated. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to evaluate masticator muscle activity and electroglottography (EGG) was used to record swallowing events. Results showed that observed differences in mouthcoating affected the in-mouth residence time: chocolate A, perceived as more mouthcoating, showed an increased total chewing time and time of last swallow. Key differences across subjects were: time and number of chews, time of last swallow and total number of swallows. Subjects were grouped into three clusters of eating behaviour characterised as, "fast chewers", "thorough chewers" and "suckers". The main differences between clusters were the time chocolate was kept in mouth, chew rate and muscle work.


Assuntos
Cacau/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Adulto , Deglutição/fisiologia , Eletromiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mastigação/fisiologia , Músculos da Mastigação/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
11.
Eur J Neurol ; 18(2): 279-285, 2011 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20597968

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The centres dedicated to dementia throughout Europe use different neuropsychological tests in clinical practice. The European Federation of Neurological Societies task force on neuropsychological tests produced this survey on neuropsychological tests currently being used in different European countries to gather knowledge on the practice of dementia centres and to promote the harmonization of such instruments and future multicentre collaborations. METHODS: National representatives of 34 countries received a questionnaire and 25 (73.5%) sent it back. RESULTS: A few instruments, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT), Verbal Fluency and Clock Drawing Test, were available in all countries. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales and MMSE were reported to be valid, respectively, in 20 (80%) and 19 (76%) countries, whereas Verbal Fluency and Stroop Test are valid in 18 (72%) of them. Of the 25 countries, 17 have validation norms for Clock Drawing Test and TMT (68%), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale, Rey Complex Figure Test, Digit Symbol and Beck Depression Inventory were standardized in 16 countries (64%). The remaining tests were validated, at most, in about half of them. Not all countries certificate neuropsychology. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the substantial differences in the tools used by the EFNS countries for most domains surveyed by the questionnaire, there is at least one neuropsychological instrument used by about 80% of the countries. There is clearly the need for a broader consensus in the use of neuropsychological tests for dementia diagnosis.


Assuntos
Demência/diagnóstico , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Testes Neuropsicológicos/normas , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários
12.
Eur J Neurol ; 17(10): 1236-48, 2010 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20831773

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In 2008 a task force was set up to develop a revision of the European Federation of the Neurological Societies (EFNS) guideline for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders associated with dementia, published in early 2007. The aim of this revised international guideline was to present a peer-reviewed evidence-based statement for the guidance of practice for clinical neurologists, geriatricians, psychiatrists, and other specialist physicians responsible for the care of patients with AD. Mild cognitive impairment and non-Alzheimer dementias are not included in this guideline. METHODS: The task force working group reviewed evidence from original research articles, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews, published before May 2009. The evidence was classified and consensus recommendations graded (A, B, or C) according to the EFNS guidance. Where there was a lack of evidence, but clear consensus, good practice points were provided. RESULTS: The recommendations for clinical diagnosis, blood tests, neuropsychology, neuroimaging, electroencephalography, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, genetic testing, disclosure of diagnosis, treatment of AD, behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, legal issues, counselling and support for caregivers were all revised as compared with the previous EFNS guideline. CONCLUSION: A number of new recommendations and good practice points are made, namely in CSF, neuropsychology, neuroimaging and reviewing non-evidence based therapies. The assessment, interpretation, and treatment of symptoms, disability, needs, and caregiver stress during the course of AD require the contribution of many different professionals. These professionals should adhere to these guideline to improve the diagnosis and management of AD.


Assuntos
Comitês Consultivos/normas , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Equipe de Enfermagem/normas , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Cuidadores/normas , República Tcheca , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Diagnóstico por Imagem/normas , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/métodos , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/normas , Diagnóstico Precoce , Humanos , Neurofarmacologia/métodos , Neurofarmacologia/normas , Testes Neuropsicológicos/normas , Nootrópicos/uso terapêutico , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/normas
13.
Neurodegener Dis ; 7(1-3): 148-52, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20197695

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have difficulties with spatial orientation. OBJECTIVE: To test hypothesis that spatial navigation is impaired early in MCI patients representing the presymptomatic stage of AD. METHODS: We tested patients with probable AD (n = 21), MCI, further classified according to Petersen's criteria as amnestic MCI (aMCI) single domain (n = 11), aMCI multiple domain (n = 31), or nonamnestic MCI (n = 7). The aMCI group was also stratified using cued recall according to Dubois' criteria into memory impairment of the hippocampal type (n = 10) and isolated memory retrieval impairment-nonhippocampal (n = 32) and also according to ApoE4 status into E4+ (n = 12) and E4- (n = 30). These patients and controls (n = 28) were tested in the human variant of the Morris water maze. Depending on the subtest, the subjects could use the egocentric or allocentric (hippocampus-dependent) navigation. RESULTS: The AD and aMCI multiple domain groups were impaired in all subtests. The aMCI single domain group was impaired in allocentric subtests. The hippocampal MCI group performed poorer than the nonhippocampal MCI group and similarly to the AD group. The ApoE4+ group was as bad as the AD group when compared with the E4- group. CONCLUSION: aMCI subjects represent a very heterogeneous population, and spatial memory or cued recall examination can add more value to aMCI classification. ApoE4+ patients are more impaired than ApoE4- patients.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Transtornos Cognitivos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Transtornos Cognitivos/complicações , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Orientação/fisiologia , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia
14.
Eur J Neurol ; 17(1): 90-6, 2010 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19659752

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have been reported to be useful in dementia diagnosis. Not much is known about their use in clinical practice in Europe. METHODS: We analyzed data from a survey on the use of CSF biomarkers in the diagnosis of dementia across Europe using a questionnaire which was filled out by representatives of the 25 member countries of the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS). RESULTS: Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid, total tau, and phosphorylated tau proteins are frequently evaluated in the majority of the countries (in 18 out of 23 countries). No major technical or ethical issues were found that would hamper the procedure's ability to become routine in early and differential diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease. Cut-off values for beta-amyloid (median 500, range 300-849 pg/ml), total tau (367; 195-450 pg/ml) and phosphorylated tau (60; 40-85 pg/ml) varied considerably amongst countries and even within every country. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrospinal fluid analysis of beta-amyloid, tau, and phosphorylated tau is frequently used in Europe. However, the use of various cut off values seriously hampers comparability and yields a potential threat to an interpretation and balanced use in clinical practice. We recommend that each laboratory establishes normative data and that multi-centered studies should be organized to explore the reasons for any differences.


Assuntos
Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Demência/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Demência/diagnóstico , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adulto , Idoso , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/análise , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Demência/fisiopatologia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fosforilação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto Jovem , Proteínas tau/análise
15.
Nervenarzt ; 79(8): 891-2, 894-6, 898, 2008 Aug.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18626620

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is based on typical clinical features and can be supported by detection of 14-3-3 protein in the CSF. The present study suggests the importance of investigating this ratio of total tau protein to phosphorylated tau protein in differentiating CJD from other dementias. Thirty-one patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia and four with definitive diagnoses of CJD were included in the study. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Results from baseline investigations were compared with those from an age-matched cognitively controlled group with Bell's palsy. Tau protein, phosphorylated tau protein, and beta amyloid were analyzed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; 14-3-3 protein was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A distinctly high proportion of total tau protein to phosphorylated tau protein in CSF was found in all patients diagnosed with CJD, even in those with negative 14-3-3 protein blot results. In contrast, marker analysis in patients with Alzheimer's dementia revealed the highest CSF ratio of beta amyloid to phosphorylated tau protein levels. These proteins are important diagnostic biomarkers for CJD, especially in patients with negative 14-3-3 protein findings.


Assuntos
Proteínas 14-3-3/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doença de Alzheimer/sangue , Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/sangue , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Demência/sangue , Demência/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Idoso , Demência/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fosforilação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
16.
Br J Neurosurg ; 22(2): 219-23, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18348017

RESUMO

The primary aim of this study was to assess whether there exists a relationship between lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and intracranial blood flow velocities as measured by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in children with scaphocephaly. Another aim was to compare pre- and postoperative TCD. Using a transducer, lumbar CSF pressure (LP) was assessed in 21 children with scaphocephaly. TCD was performed, and the pulsatility index (PI) and the resistance index (RI) were obtained before and after cranioplasty. In 17 children LP was higher than the reference values. No significant differences were found in PI and RI indices before and after cranioplasty. LP values were significantly higher in children older than 6 months. There was no association between LP and PI and RI indices. In children with scaphocephaly a higher LP can be expected with age. Moreover, TCD is not a reliable tool in predicting abnormal LP values.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Artérias Cerebrais/fisiopatologia , Pressão do Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/fisiologia , Craniossinostoses/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana/métodos , Distribuição por Idade , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Craniossinostoses/diagnóstico por imagem , Craniossinostoses/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Pressão Intracraniana/fisiologia , Masculino , Estatísticas não Paramétricas
17.
J Food Sci ; 72(9): E541-52, 2007 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18034724

RESUMO

With an increasing consumption of lipids nowadays, decreasing the fat content in food products has become a trend. Chocolate is a fat-based suspension that contains about 30%wt fat. Reducing fat content causes an increase in the molten chocolate viscosity. This leads to 2 major issues: difficulties in the process and a loss of eating quality in the final product, reported to have poor in-mouth melting properties, remain hard, and difficult to swallow. Literature shows that optimizing the particle size distribution (PSD), that is, having one with an increased packing fraction, can decrease the viscosity of highly concentrated suspensions. This study focuses on the impact of the PSD and fat content on the rheological properties, melting behavior, and hardness of chocolate models (dispersions of sugar in fat). We show that optimizing the PSD while reducing the fat content to a critical amount (22%wt) can decrease the viscosity of the molten material and reduce the hardness of the crystallized chocolate models. Melting in the mouth, characterized by an in vitro collapse speed, is faster for the samples with an optimized PSD. The decrease in the viscosity by optimizing the PSD in systems with a constant fraction of medium phase is based on the decrease of interparticle contact, reducing the particle aggregates strength, and structure buildup during flow or meltdown. In its crystallized state, the particle network is less interconnected, providing less resistance to breakage and meltdown.


Assuntos
Cacau/química , Gorduras na Dieta , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Tamanho da Partícula , Análise de Variância , Dureza , Reologia , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Viscosidade
18.
J Oral Rehabil ; 34(8): 572-82, 2007 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17650167

RESUMO

Simultaneous 3D articulograph and ultrasonograph techniques were used to monitor the chewing, swallowing, oral soft tissue and tongue movements of six subjects whilst consuming varying numbers (1, 2 and 4) of a confectionery product. Modifying the number of confectionery units had a variable effect on chewing, swallowing and oral soft tissue movements during the start of the chewing sequence. The distance, range and velocity of chin movement were significantly lower when 1 confectionery unit was consumed compared with 2 and 4 during the middle stage of the chewing sequence. Significant differences in modioli movement were observed during the initial stages of chewing allowing the identification of a working and non-working side, whilst no differences in thyroid cartilage movement were noted over the whole chewing sequence. Increasing the number of confectionery units caused a significant increase in the index of tongue movement during the end of the eating sequence, although the mean index of tongue movement over the total chewing sequence remained constant. Jaw movement correlated with tongue movement, where for all samples, gape decreased linearly as the chewing sequence progressed, reflected in a similar decline in the index of tongue movement. The lack of differences in the index of tongue movement observed over the start and middle of the chewing sequence as a consequence of the number of confectionery units consumed suggested that the change in the physical properties of the bolus had a greater effect on the index of tongue movement than the change in bolus size.


Assuntos
Deglutição/fisiologia , Alimentos , Mastigação/fisiologia , Músculos da Mastigação/fisiologia , Língua/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Algoritmos , Análise de Variância , Fenômenos Eletromagnéticos/instrumentação , Feminino , Fractais , Humanos , Masculino , Músculos da Mastigação/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tamanho da Partícula , Fatores de Tempo , Língua/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia
19.
Acta Neurol Scand ; 113(1): 40-5, 2006 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16367898

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: We measured the volumes of the amygdala to test the hypothesis that the reduction of amygdalar volume may be associated with psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients underwent neuropsychological investigation including the assessment of general clinical severity by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head, from which the volumes of the amygdalae were measured. The obtained values were compared with those of controls (n = 15). RESULTS: Patients with Alzheimer's dementia showed significant reduction in MRI volumetric measurements compared with controls. We found a significant correlation of MMSE score and absolute amygdala volume (r = 0.62, P < 0.01). Neither the absolute nor relative volume of the amygdala showed any correlation with NPI scores. CONCLUSIONS: The atrophy of the amygdala does not have a direct association with the existence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. MRI volumetry of the amygdala may be relevant as a marker of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Atrofia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Entrevista Psiquiátrica Padronizada , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
20.
Br Poult Sci ; 43(4): 508-17, 2002 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12365507

RESUMO

1. Three outbred lines of Japanese quail and their reciprocal crosses were used. The lines differed in mature body weight or in the shape of the growth curve. Growth was described by body weight (BW) at 0, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 48, 56, 63 and 70 d of age and expressed by the parameters of Richards' function. Dickerson's model was used to estimate direct genetic, maternal genetic and direct heterotic effects. 2. The magnitude of BW heterosis was not constant during postnatal growth, it showed a different curvilinear age-trend for each hybrid combination. 3. The age-trend of BW heterosis resulted from the change of the shape of the growth curve. 4. The age-trend of BW heterosis and its maximum magnitude were associated with differences in the growth pattern of parental lines. 5. The heterosis at the inflection point was accompanied by heterosis in egg number.


Assuntos
Peso Corporal/genética , Coturnix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coturnix/genética , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Vigor Híbrido , Envelhecimento/genética , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Oviposição/genética
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