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Severe respiratory syndrome COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has became the most important global health issue, and simultaneous efforts to fast and low-cost diagnosis of this virus were performed by researchers. One of the most usual tests was colorimetric methods based on the change of color of gold nanoparticles in the presence of viral antibodies, antigens, and other biological agents. This spectral change can be due to the aggregation of the particles or the shift of localized surface plasmon resonance due to the electrical interactions of surface agents. It is known that surface agents could easily shift the absorption peak of metallic nanocolloids which is attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance. Experimental diagnosis assays for colorimetric detection of SARS-CoV-2 using Au NPs were reviewed, and the shift of absorption peak was studied from the viewpoint of numerical analysis. Using the numerical method, the refractive index and real and imaginary parts of the effective relative permittivity of the viral biological shell around Au NPs were obtained. This model gives a quantitative description of colorimetric assays of the detection of SARS-CoV-2 using Au NPs.
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INTRODUCTION: Since most studies on ankle sprain are medical and sports-related and not much epidemiologic and etiologic data from the general population exist in this field, the present study evaluates the relationship between Q angle and anthropometric measures with ankle sprain in the general population. METHODS: In the present case-control study, all of the patients over 18 years age presenting to emergency departments (ED) of two educational Hospitals, complaining from ankle sprain, were evaluated during more than 1 year. A checklist consisting of demographic data, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and history of ankle sprain, as well as degree of Q angle was filled for all participants. The correlation of mentioned variables with incidence of ankle sprain was calculated using SPSS 22. RESULTS: 300 patients with ankle sprain were evaluated (53.5% male). Mean age of the patients was 37.03 ± 14.20 years. Mean weight, height, and BMI were 71.71 ± 11.26 (43 - 114), 168.74 ± 8.63 (143 - 190) and 25.14 ± 3.19 (18.41 - 38.95), respectively. Mean Q angle of the patients was 12.78 ± 3.19 degrees (5 - 23). There was a significant correlation between weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.001), history of sprain (r: 0.26, p < 0.001) and Q angle (p = 0.002) with incidence of ankle sprain. In addition, there was a significant statistical correlation between weight (p = 0.031), BMI (p = 0.020) and Q angle (p = 0.004) with history of ankle sprain. In patients with a history of ankle sprain, Q angle was wider by about 2 degrees. CONCLUSION: It seems that the prevalence of ankle sprain directly correlates with high weight, BMI, and Q angle and is more prevalent in those with a history of sprain. Although the findings of the present study show a statistically significant correlation between these factors and ankle sprain, the correlation is not clinically significant.
